Three-Phase Induction Motor

Part-04

Shadhon Chandra Mohonta

Assistant Professor
1 Dept. of EEE, RUET, Rajshahi.

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Reference Books
.

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Relation between torque and rotor p.f.
The torque T developed by the rotor is directly proportional to
the product of flux per stator pole, rotor current, power factor of
the rotor circuit.  T  I 2 cos  2 or T  KI 2 cos  2
where I2 = rotor current at standstill
f2 = angle between rotor e.m.f. and rotor current
K = a constant and cos f2 = rotor p.f. at standstill
If E2 = rotor e.m.f. at standstill, we have that E2 ∞ f
 T  E 2 I 2 cos  2
or T  KE 2 I 2 cos  2
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Relation between torque and rotor p.f.
(i) Rotor assumed non-inductive (or f2 = 0)
In this case, the rotor current I2 is in phase with the e.m.f. E2
induced in the rotor. The instantaneous value of the torque
acting on each rotor conductor is given by the product of
instantaneous value of the flux and the rotor
current (F ∞ BI2l). Hence, torque curve is
obtained by plotting the products of flux f
(or flux density B) and I2. It is seen that the
torque is always positive i.e. unidirectional.
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Relation between torque and rotor p.f.
(ii) Rotor assumed inductive
Here, I2 lags behind E2 by an angle f 2 = tan-1 (X2/R2) where
R2= rotor resistance/phase; X2= rotor reactance/phase at
standstill. Here, the total torque which is the difference of
forward and backward torques, is considerably reduced.
If f2 = 90º, then total torque is zero because
forward and backward torques become equal
and opposite.

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Starting Torque (Ts)
Let, E2 = rotor e.m.f. per phase at standstill
X2 = rotor reactance per phase at standstill
R2 = rotor resistance per phase
Rotor impedance/phase, Z 2  R 22  X 22 ……. at standstill
Rotor current/phase, I 2  E 2  E2
……. at standstill
Z2 R 22  X 22

R2 R2
Rotor p.f., cos  2   ……. at standstill
Z2 R X
2
2
2
2

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Starting Torque (Ts)
Starting torque, T  KE I cos   KE  E2

KE 22 R 2
R2
 2
s 2 2 2 2
R 2  X2
2 2
R 2  X2
2 2 R 2  X 2
2

Generally, the stator supply voltage V is constant so that flux

per pole f set up by the stator is also fixed. This in turn means
that e.m.f. E2 induced in the rotor will be constant.
K 1R 2 K 1R 2
 Ts   where K1 is another constant.
R 22  X 22 Z 22
It is clear that the magnitude of starting torque would depend
upon the relative values of R2 and X2 i.e., rotor resistance/phase
and standstill rotor reactance/phase. It can be shown that
K = 3/2πNs. (Ns is in r.p.s.)  T  3  E 22 R 2
s
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Condition for Maximum Starting Torque
It can be proved that starting torque will be maximum when rotor
resistance/phase is equal to standstill rotor reactance/phase.
Now K 1R 2
Ts 
........................(i)
2
 Xw.r.t.
R 2 (i)
Differentiating eq.
2
2 R2 and equating the result to zero, we
get,
dTs  1 R 2 ( 2R 2 ) 
 K1  2  2 2 2
0
 R 2  X 2 (R 2  X 2 ) 
2
dR 2
or R 22  X 22  2R 22 or R 2  X2
Hence starting torque will be maximum when:
Rotor resistance/phase = Standstill rotor reactance/phase

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Condition for Maximum Starting Torque
Fig. 01 shows the variation of starting torque with rotor
resistance. As the rotor resistance is increased from a relatively
low value, the starting torque increases until it becomes
maximum when R2 = X2. If the rotor resistance is increased
beyond this optimum value, the starting torque will decrease.

Fig. 01: Variation of starting torque.

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Condition for Maximum Starting Torque
Under the condition of maximum starting torque, f2 = 45° [by
R2 R2
using cos  2   ] and rotor power factor is
Z2 R X
2
2
2
2

0.707 lagging [Fig. 02].

Fig. 02: Rotor impedance triangle.

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Effect of Change of Supply Voltage
KE 22 R 2
Ts  2 , Since E2 µ Supply voltage V
R 2  X2 2

K 2V 2R 2
or Ts  2
R 2  X 22 , where K2 is another constant.
 Ts  V 2
Therefore, the starting torque is very sensitive to changes in the
value of supply voltage. For example, a drop of 10% in supply
voltage will decrease the starting torque by about 20%. This
could mean the motor failing to start if it cannot produce a
torque greater than the load torque plus friction torque.

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Starting Torque of 3-Phase Induction Motors
The rotor circuit of an induction motor has low resistance and
high inductance. At starting, the rotor frequency is equal to the
stator frequency (i.e., 50 Hz) so that rotor reactance is large
compared with rotor resistance. Therefore, rotor current lags the
rotor e.m.f. by a large angle, the power factor is low and
consequently the starting torque is small. When resistance is
added to the rotor circuit, the rotor power factor is improved
which results in improved starting torque. This, of course,
increases the rotor impedance and, therefore, decreases the
value of rotor current but the effect of improved power factor
predominates and the starting torque is increased.
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Starting Torque of 3-Phase Induction Motors
(i) Squirrel-cage motors: Since the rotor bars are permanently short
circuited, it is not possible to add any external resistance in the
rotor circuit at starting. Consequently, the starting torque of such
motors is low. Squirrel cage motors have starting torque of 1.5 to
2 times the full-load value with starting current of 5 to 9 times the
full-load current.
(ii) Wound rotor motors: The resistance of the rotor circuit of such
motors can be increased through the addition of external
resistance. By inserting the proper value of external resistance (so
that R2 = X2), maximum starting torque can be obtained. As the
motor accelerates, the external resistance is gradually cut out until
the rotor circuit is short-circuited on itself for running conditions.
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Motor Under Load
a) When we apply mechanical load to the shaft of the motor, it
will begin to slow down and the rotating flux will cut the
rotor conductors at a higher and higher rate. The induced
voltage and resulting current in rotor conductors will
increase progressively, producing greater and greater
torque.
b) The motor and mechanical load will soon reach a state of
equilibrium when the motor torque is exactly equal to the
load torque. When this state is reached, the speed will cease
to drop any more and the motor will run at the new speed at
a constant rate.
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Motor Under Load
c) The drop in speed of the induction motor on increased load
is small. It is because the rotor impedance is low and a
small decrease in speed produces a large rotor current. The
increased rotor current produces a higher torque to meet the
increased load on the motor. Reverse happens should the
load on the motor decrease. This is why induction motors
are considered to be constant-speed machines. However,
because they never actually turn at synchronous speed, they
are sometimes called asynchronous machines.

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Motor Under Load
d) With increasing load (See Fig. 03), the increased load
currents I'2 are in such a direction so as to decrease the
stator flux (Lenz’s law), thereby decreasing the counter
e.m.f. in the stator windings. The decreased counter e.m.f.
allows motor stator current (I1) to increase, thereby
increasing the power input to the motor. It may be noted
that action of the induction motor in adjusting its stator or
primary current with changes of current in the rotor or
secondary is very much similar to the changes occurring in
transformer with changes in load.

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Motor Under Load
.

Fig. 03: Winding current under load condition.

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?
1. Describe the relation between torque and rotor p.f. Also derive
the equation of rotor starting torque?
2. Show that starting torque will be maximum when rotor
resistance is equal to standstill rotor reactance.
3. Why the starting torque is very sensitive to changes in the
value of supply voltage.?
4. Why starting torque is less in squirrel cage motors than wound
rotor motors?
5. Describe the behaviour of 3-phase induction motor on load.
6. Example: 34.6 - 34.9 (Book: B. L. Theraja)
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