CSE 333
Computer Peripherals & Interfacing
Lecture 5
Video Display System
Outline
• Introduction
• Video Display System
• CRT
• CRT Character Generation
• Video Adapter
• LCD principle
• LED
• OLED
Introduction
• Output devices are used to inform the processed results
to the users
• Video display systems and printers are most common
output devices
Video Display system
• It has two main components
• Monitor
• It displays text or graphics information on the screen
• Example: CRT, LCD and LED
• Video Adapter
• It provides necessary interface between the computer and
monitor
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
• An electron gun at the backside of the tube generates a beam of
electrons
• The electron beam is directed towards the screen in the front of the
tube using a high voltage
• The screen is coated with a phosphor substance, which emits light
when the electrons strike the substance
• The color of the emitted light is the characteristics of the phosphor
substance
• In color CRTs, each pixel contains a red, green, and blue dot.
• These glow at varying intensities to produce color images
• Types of CRT
• Raster Scan Display
• Random Scan Display
Cathode-ray tube (CRT) Monitors
© 2005 Pearson Education
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
Raster Scan Display
Raster Scan Display
Random Scan Display
Electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where a
picture is to be drawn
CRT Display
The applying voltage to
Heat is supplied to the the Horizontal Plates of
cathode by directing a the tube sweep the
current through a coil electron beam from left
called filament inside to right
the cylindrical structure
The applying voltage to
This causes electrons to the Vertical Plates of the
be “boiled off” the hot tube sweep the electron
cathode surface beam from top to bottom
The highly negatively Sweep Rate in 1. the
charged electrons are horizontal Direction :
accelerated toward the 15600HZ
phosphor coating by a 2, in the vertical
high positive voltage direction 60 HZ
The intensity of the Display system
electron beam is generates three signals
controlled by setting to produce image :
negative voltage levels 1. Horizontal sweep
on the control grid signal
2. Vertical sweep
signal
3. Video signal
CRT Display
CRT interface needs 3
input signals
1. Horizontal
A horizontal oscillator Synchronization
within the CRT monitor (HSYNC) to
generates the horizontal synchronize the
sweep signal horizontal oscillator
2. Vertical
A vertical oscillator Synchronization
within the CRT monitor (HSYNC) to
generates the vertical synchronize the
sweep signal vertical oscillator
3. Video signal
A video amplifier within modulates the
the CRT monitor intensify the
generates the video electron beam
signal that intensify the
beam
Color CRT Monitors
Operation of delta-delta, shadow mask CRT
• When the three beams pass through a hole in the shadow mask, they
active a dot triangle, which appears as a small color spot on the screen
Frame Buffer
• Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the
refresh buffer or frame buffer or Screen memory
• This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all
the screen points
• Stored intensity values are retrieved from the frame
buffer and painted on the screen one row at a time
• It is also called data buffer, screen buffer or display
memory
• Frame buffer is located in
• System memory
Character Generation
• Characters are formed on a CRT screen in a dot matrix
pattern
• Each character is generated in
• 5*7, 7*9, 7*12 or 9*14
• The characters are formed on the screen by tuning on
the beam at places where the dots are to be illuminated
in each line
• The dot information is serially input to the CRT display
on the VIDEO input
• CRT displays can generally display 25 rows of
characters with 80 characters in each row
Character Display
9 14 8 10
Character Generation
After getting
12 Pulse
Since itBoth
has provide
80 the
columns address
and 20 of the Div by 20+VR
Row Counter VSYNC
rows, thelocation
total in the
locationscreen
of Datamemory
After getting 0
1
buffer is 1600
Fourteen
Div by 80+HR 0
1 Pulse Data Buffer ASCII
It is in
codes
RAMof
Character characters to be
After getting Counter displayed on the
nine Pulse entire screen
1000001
65
Div by 9 After getting
eighty Pulse
Div by 14 ItThis
ASCII
outputs
Dotoutput
patterns
code
the is
Scan Line ROM dot
goes
given
pattern
fortoeach
at
thethe
of
It provides the line Counter theparallel
address
character
charactertoinput
number for which 0
1 serial
for of
ashifter
scan
ROM
the dot pattern is to ItItisgenerates
divide by 14
4 line
be generated additional
counter
address
inputs to ROM 0
DOT CLOCK Shifter
000000000
00000000
000000
00000 VIDEO
It sweep out
the dot from HSYNC
shifter ton
Character Generation
• Size of Data Buffer
• 80*20*7 bits
• 2KB is used for attributes for each character
• Typical attributes are
• Blinking
• Underlining
• Reverse video
Character Generation
Screen Data
Memory Latch ASCCII
Character
Character
Generator
Microprocessor Scan Line
CRT Controller
Memory
Address Address
contention
logic
Dot Clock Shift Register
Data Data Video
Timing signals
CLK
HSYNC
Chip select VSYNC CRT
Monitor
Graphics Display
• For displaying graphics on the screen,
• dot patterns are stored in the display RAM
• Sent directly to the shift register in sequence, which are in turn swept
out on VIDEO line
• The Character generator ROM is not used in graphics display
• Each dot is called a pixel or picture element
• The number of the pixels on the screen depicts the resolution of the
screen
• Resolution is denoted as number of horizontal pixels by number of
vertical pixels
• Typical common monitors are 320×200(CGA), 640×480(VGA),
800×600(SVGA), 1024×768(XGA)
Graphics Display
• Monochrome Graphics
• The pixels are illuminated blackened or whitened to display a graphic image
• Each pixel uses one bit of data in the RAM
• Bit-mapped raster scan display method
• Eight bits from each location in the screen memory provide dot pattern for eight
successive pixels
• Each byte is loaded into the shift register in sequence and shifted out at dot clock rate
• Size of Screen memory
• 320X200 resolution requires 64000 bits or 8KB to be stored in RAM, where displaying
texts require 2KB
Screen
Memory
Dot Clock Shift Register Video
Load
Graphics Display
• Color Graphics
• Three primary colors (RGB) can be mixed in different intensities to obtain any desired
color
• Each pixel on the screen is divided into three small dots coated with red, green and blue
phosphors
• RGB Monitor
• It has three video inputs : Red Video, Green Video and Blue Video that controls three
electron beams
• Some RGB has one additional inputs to control intensity
Red
R Shift Register Video
G
Green
B Shift Register Video
Memory size I
640X480X4=1228800 bits = Shift Register Blue
153600 Bytes = 150 KB Video
Screen
Shift Register Intensity
Memory
Video
Dot Clock
Video Adapter
• The video adapter is an expansion board that provides the
necessary interface between the computer and the monitor
• It is plugged into one of the expansion slots of the PC bus, AGP slot
• A cable connects the monitor and the video adapter
• The video adapter generates the required video signals for the
monitor
• Major Components Video Adapter
• VRAM
• CRTC
• Character generator
• Modern Video Adapter has
• Graphics processor
• Video BIOS
Video Adapter
System Video
CPU Memory Controller
System Bus
Frame Buffer can be anywhere in
I/O the system memory
Devices
Architecture of a simple raster graphics system
Video Adapter
System
SystemFrame Video
CPU Memory
MemoryBuffer Controller
System Bus
I/O
Devices
Architecture of a raster graphics system with fixed
portion of the system memory for frame buffer
Video Adapter
Display Frame Video
Processor Buffer Controller
Memory
The purpose of the display
Display System processor is to free the CPU
CPU processor Memory from graphics chores
The major task is scan
System Bus conversion
Architecture of a raster graphics
I/O
Devices
system with display processor
Video Adapter
System Display
Video
CPU Memory processor
Controller
System Bus
I/O
Devices
Architecture of a simple random graphics system
Video Adapter standards
• MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter)
• IBM PC used the MDA display
• It supports the text mode and displays the texts in 80X25
• It displays in 9X14 matrix format
• It uses 4KB locations from B8000H on the memory map for screen memory
functions
• It provides the 9-pin connector for connecting the monitor to the adapter
1
6 1-Ground
2-Ground
3-NC
4-NC
5-NC
6-Intensity
7-video
8-HSYNC
9
9-VSYNC
5
Video Adapter standards
• CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)
• It supports text and graphics mode
6 1 • It supports 4 text modes in 80X25 and 80X25
• In text mode it provides 16 background colors and 8 foreground colors
• It offers 3 graphics mode in low, medium and high
• Low resolution - 160X100 with 16 colors
9 • Medium Resolution - 320X200 with 4 colors
5 • High Resolution - 640X400 with 2 colors
1-Ground • It uses 16KB screen memory which extends over B8000H-BBFFFH in
2-Ground memory map of IBM PC
3-Red
4-Green • It provides the 9-pin connector for connecting the monitor to the adapter
5-Blue
6-Intensity
7-NC
8-HSYNC
9-VSYNC
LCD
• Liquid crystal display is a passive device
• It doesn’t produce any light to display characters, images, video and
animations
• it simply alters the light travelling through it
• The internal construction of LCD describes how the light altered
when it passes through it in order to produce any characters,
images, etc.
LCD
LCD
vertically polarized light should be rotated 90 degrees
This can be achieved Embedding liquid crystal layer between
two polarization filters
liquid crystal layer consists of rod shaped tiny molecules and
ordering of these molecules creates directional orientation property
If the Liquid crystal molecules are twisted 90 degrees more precisely,
then more light will pass through it.
LCD
Two glass transparent electrodes are aligned front and back of the liquid crystal
It changes the orientation of the crystal molecules by applying voltage
between them
electrodes
is made
up of
Indium Tin
Oxide
(ITO)
which is
transpare
nt material
If there is no voltage applied between the electrodes, the orientation of molecules
will remain twist at 90 degrees and the light passes through the outer polarization
filter thus pixel appears as complete white
LCD
LCD display is also “twisted nematic LCD” because of twist and untwist of
molecules in liquid crystal layer
Gray level
is
controlled
by
controlling
the
applied
voltage
If the voltage is applied large enough the molecules in the liquid crystal layer
changes its orientation (untwist) so that light orientation also changes and then
blocked by the outer polarization filter thus the pixel appears black
LCD
In order to produce color images a color filter is placed in front of the outer
polarization plate
Color Filter
The red, green and blue are the three standard colors filters are placed for every
three pixels to produce different color images by varying the intensity of each
color
LCD
• Types of LCD
• Monochrome Character LCD or Segment LCD Displays:
• These display all alpha numeric values with some special characters
including currencies symbols of different countries
• These displays are mainly used in calculators, remote controllers, and
display panels
• These displays are not capable to produce any graphic animations or
images
• Graphical LCD displays:
• These can produce any monochrome graphical images and animations
by energizing set of pixels in the LCD display
• These can also produce characters, numbers and special symbols
• Color LCD displays:
• These LCD displays contains three sub pixels with primary colors Red,
Green and Blue
• Each color sub pixel can produce a range of 256 shades by varying the
voltage applied
LCD vs LED
Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp (CCFL)
Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
LED’s are considerably smaller than CCFL
tubes, which means LED TV’s can be made
much thinner
LED’s also consume less power than their CCFL
counterparts
local dimming – a selective lighting technique that
allows for deeper blacks and better overall picture
LCD vs LED
The problem with CCFL backlighting is that fluorescent tubes must light the entire
screen evenly, so designers have no way to vary the backlighting intensity in
different parts of the screen.
LED vs OLED
LED stands for light-emitting diode OLED stands for organic light-emitting
diode
These are little solid-state devices that make light because of the movement of
electrons through a semi-conductor
LEDs are relatively small compared to compact fluorescent and incandescent
light bulbs, but they can get extremely bright
LEDs aren’t small enough to be used as the pixels of a television – they’re way
too big for that
That’s why LEDs are only used as the backlight for LCD televisions
An OLED is made with organic compounds that light up when fed electricity.
OLEDs can be made to be extremely thin, small and remarkably flexible
On an OLED TV, each pixel lights itself up independently of the others
LED vs OLED
