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Matrices
A matrix is an array of
numbers that are arranged in 1 3
rows and columns.
A matrix is “square” if it has -½ 0
the same number of rows as
columns.
We will consider only 2x2 and -3 8 ¼
3x3 square matrices
2 0 -¾
4 180 11
Determinants Note the difference in the matrix
and the determinant of the
matrix!
1 3
Everysquare matrix
has a determinant. -½ 0
Thedeterminant of a
matrix is a number.
Wewill consider the -3 8 ¼
determinants only of
2x2 and 3x3 matrices. 2 0 -¾
4 180 11
Why do we need the determinant
2 8 5 2 6 1
6 3 4 = 8 3 7
1 7 0 5 4 0
Properties of Determinants
Ifall elements in a row (or column) are
zero, the value of the determinant is 0
2 0 8
-1 0 6
4 0 8
Properties of Determinants
Interchangingany two rows (or columns)
changes the sign of the determinant
5 6 3 1 4 2
1 4 2 =- 5 6 3
2 0 -1 2 0 -1
Properties of Determinants
If two rows (or columns) of a determinant
are identical, the value of the determinant
is 0
2 3 3
7 -2 -2 =0
8 1 1
Finding Determinants of Matrices
2 0 3 2 0
1 2 5 1 -2
1 4 2 -1 4
1 0 2 x 2 identity matrix
0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
3 x 3 identity matrix
0 0 1
1 0 5 2 5 2
3 4 =
3
4
0 1
5 2 1 0 5 2
=
3 4 0 1 3 4
Mathematically, IA = A and AI = A !!
Using matrix equations
Inverse Matrix: 2 x 2
a b
A
c d
1 1 d b
A ad bc c a
In words:
•Take the original matrix.
•Switch a and d.
•Change the signs of b and c.
•Multiply the new matrix by 1 over the determinant of the original matrix.
Using matrix equations
2 4
A
4 10
1 1 10 4
A (2)(10) ( 4)(4) 4 2
5 1
1 1 10 4
A 4 4 2 =
2
1
1
2
Find the inverse matrix.
8 3
1 Matrix
Inverse =
5 2 det Reloaded
Matrix A
1 2 3 2 3
= 1 =
5 8
5 8
What happens when you multiply a matrix by its inverse?
1
1st: What happens when you multiply a number by its inverse? 7
7
8 3 2 3 1 0
=
5 2 5 8
0 1
So, AA-1 = I
Why do we need to know all this? To Solve Problems!
Solve for Matrix X.
8 3 4 1
X =
5 2 3 1
We need to “undo” the coefficient matrix. Multiply it by its INVERSE!
2 3 8 3 2 3 4 1
X =
5 8 5 2 5 8 3 1
1 0 1 1
0 1
X =
4 3
1 1
X =
4 3
Using matrix equations
3x + 2y = 11 3 2 x 11
becomes y = Answer matrix
2 1 8
2x + y = 8
Coefficient Variable
matrix matrix
Using matrix equations
3 2 x 11
Example: Solve y = for x and y .
2 1 8
Let A be the coefficient matrix.
Multiply both sides of the equation by the inverse of A.
3 2 -1 1 1 2 1 2
x 11 A 1
=
1 2 3
=
A 2 1 2 3
y 8
1 2 3 2 x 1 2 11
1 x 1 11
A A A y = 8
2 3 2 1 2 3
y 8
1 0 x 5
x 1 11 y = 2
y A 8 0 1
x 5
y = 2
Using matrix equations
Wow!!!! x = 5; y = -2 It works!!!!
Solve:
4x + 6y = 14
2x – 5y = -9
(1/2, 2)
You Try…
Solve:
2x + 3y + z = -1
3x + 3y + z = 1
2x + 4y + z = -2