ANOVA

 An extension of the t – test and z –

test.
 Useful when one compares more than
the two means simultaneously
 Based on comparison between and
within group variance
 The greater the difference
between categories relative to
the differences within
categories, the more that the
null hypothesis of “no
difference” is false and can be
rejected.
Assumptions of ANOVA
a. INDEPENDENT SAMPLES
 Samples taken from the various
populations are independent of
one another
b. NORMAL POPULATIONS
 Populations being sampled are
at least, approximately
normally distributed
c. EQUAL STANDARD
DEVIATIONS
 Standard deviation of the
populations being sampled are
equal
 The F distribution is a family
of distributions that vary in
shape according to the
number of degrees of
freedom.
 It is positively skewed and is
described by the two types of
degrees of freedom namely the
degrees of freedom groups (dfb)
and the degrees of freedom
within groups (dfw).
Each specifically defined as:

 (dfb) = k -1 where k is the

number of groups or categories
 
 (dfw) = n – k where n is the total
number of cases
 The probabilities for a
random variable having an
F – distribution are equal to
the areas under a curve,
called an F – curve illustrated
in the following diagram.
 The F –curve has the following
basic principles:

 The total area under the curve is 1

 It starts at 0 on the horizontal axis

and extends indefinitely to the right

 It is not symmetrical but is skewed to

the right. It climbs to its high point
rapidly and goes down more slowly
 To perform a one-way ANOVA
test for k population means, we
follow the following steps:
 Step1: Set up the null hypothesis Ho
and the alternative hypothesis Ha

 Step2: Choose the level of significance

Step3: Establish the critical region

The critical value is F with

df = (k-1, n-k) and F is the
F – value which leaves an area of
to the right
Step4: Computations

 Calculate the sum of squares using the

formulas:
 SS between= (T₁²/n₁+ T₂²/n₂+...+Tk²/nk)-
(Σx)²/n

 SS within= SS total – SS between

 SS total= Σx²- (Σx)²/n

nʲ= sample size from population j

Tʲ= sum of sample data from population j
Step5: Construct the ANOVA table

Step6: State the decision and conclusion.

If the value of the F statistic falls in

the rejection, the Reject Ho; otherwise,
accept Ho, state the conclusion in words
SOURCE OF SUM OF DEGREES OF MEAN COMPUTED F
VARIATION SQUARES FREEDOM SQUARE(MS)
MS=SS/df
BETWEEN Ss between K-1 MS F=MS
GROUP(treat between= between/ MS
ment) SS within
between/k-1

WITHIN SS within N-k MS within=

GROUP(error) SS within/n-
k

TOTAL SS total N-1

 Step6: State the decision and
conclusion.

If the value of the F

statistic falls in the rejection, the
Reject Ho; otherwise, accept Ho,
state the conclusion in word
LECTURE TUTORIAL MODULAR COOPERATIVE
METHOD METHOD METHOD LEARNING

15 17 11 10

10 12 7 12

13 18 9 8

14 13 13 7

13 15 9

12

Σ= 65 87 40 46
 Df= (k-1,n-k)
= (4-1, 20-4)
=(3,16)

From the table(see appendix c)

F= 3.24

We are given the ff data:

K=4
N₁=5 n₂=6 n₃=4 n₄=5
T₁=65 T₂=87 T₃=40 T₄= 46
 N= n1+ n2+ n3+ n4
= 5+6+4+5
=20

Σx= T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
= 65 + 87 + 40 + 46
= 238
We need to compute Σx²:

Now, Σx²=(15)² + (10)²+...,,,+(13)²

(17)².........+(9)²

=3012
 SS total = Σx² - (Σx)²/n
=3012- (238)²/20
=179.8
Now,
SS between=(T₁²/n₁+....T₄²/n₄)-(Σx)²/n
=65²/5 + 87²/6 +40²/4 + 46²/5 +
238²/20
=2929.7-2832.2
=97.5
 Hence’
SS within= SS total – SS between
= 179.8 -97.5
= 82.3
Next, we compute the mean squares:
MS between= SS between/ k-1
= 97.5/ 4-1
= 32.5
MS within= SS within/ n-k
= 82.3/ 20-4
=5.14
Thus finally, we compute the F statistic:

F= MS between/ MS within
= 32.5/5.14
=6.32
SOURCE OF SUM OF DEGREES OF MEAN COMPUTED F
VARIATION SQUARES FREEDOM SQUARE(MS)
MS= SS/df

BETWEEN SS bet= 97.5 K-1= 3 MS bet= SS F=MS bet/ MS

GROUP(treatm bet/ k-1 within
ent) =32.5 =6.32

WITHIN SS within= N-k= 16 MS within= SS

GROUP(error) 82.3 within/ n-k
=5.14

total SS total= N-1= 19

179.8
Thank You
Cleo I. Dalagan
Erma Isadora S. Fernandez
Paul Andrew T. Seniel