Chapter 5

Formulation and Solution Strategies

Review of Basic Field Equations
1
eij  (ui , j  u j ,i ) Strain-Displacement Relations
2
eij ,kl  ekl ,ij  eik , jl  e jl ,ik  0 Compatibility Relations

 ij , j  Fi  0 Equilibrium Equations

 ij  ekk ij  2eij

1   Hooke’s Law
eij   ij   kk ij
E E
15 Equations for 15 Unknowns ij , eij , ui

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 Boundary Conditions
T(n)
S S
St
Su
R
R R
S = St + Su

Traction Conditions Displacement Conditions Mixed Conditions

Rigid-Smooth Boundary Condition Allows
Symmetry Line Specification of Both Traction and Displacement
But Only in Orthogonal Directions

u0

x
T y( n )  0

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 Boundary Conditions on Coordinate Surfaces
On Coordinate Surfaces the Traction Vector Reduces to Simply
Particular Stress Components
y r
xy
r
 r
x


y r
xy

y x r


x

(Cartesian Coordinate Boundaries) (Polar Coordinate Boundaries)

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 Boundary Conditions on General Surfaces
On General Non-Coordinate Surfaces, Traction Vector Will Not Reduce to
Individual Stress Components and General
Traction Vector Form Must Be Used

n
y
Tx( n )   x nx   xy n y  S cos 
Ty( n )   xy nx   y n y  S sin 


x

Two-Dimensional Example

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 Example Boundary Conditions
Traction Free Condition

Fixed Condition
y u=v=0 Traction Condition
Tx( n )   x  S , Ty( n )   xy  0

b S
Traction Condition
Tx( n )    xy  0, T y( n )   y  S

x l

a
Tx( n )  0
x
T y( n )  0 y

Traction Free Condition Fixed Condition

T   xy  0, T   y  0
(n) (n ) u=v=0 Traction Free Condition
x y
Non-Coordinate Surface
Boundary
Coordinate Surface Boundaries

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 Interface Boundary Conditions

Material (1):  ij(1) , u i(1)

n Interface Conditions:
Perfectly Bonded,
s Slip Interface, Etc.

Material (2):  ij(2) , u i(2)

Embedded Fiber or Rod Layered Composite Plate Composite Cylinder or Disk

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

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 Fundamental Problem Classifications
Problem 1 (Traction Problem) Determine the distribution of
T(n)
displacements, strains and stresses in the interior of an elastic body S

in equilibrium when body forces are given and the distribution of

R
the tractions are prescribed over the surface of the body,

Ti ( n ) ( xi( s ) )  f i ( xi( s ) )

Problem 2 (Displacement Problem) Determine the distribution of

S
displacements, strains and stresses in the interior of an elastic body
in equilibrium when body forces are given and the distribution of
the displacements are prescribed over the surface of the body. R

ui ( xi( s ) )  g i ( xi( s ) )
u

Problem 3 (Mixed Problem) Determine the distribution of

displacements, strains and stresses in the interior of an elastic body St
Su
in equilibrium when body forces are given and the distribution of
the tractions are prescribed as per (5.2.1) over the surface S t and R

the distribution of the displacements are prescribed as per (5.2.2)

over the surface Su of the body (see Figure 5.1).

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

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 Stress Formulation
Eliminate Displacements and Strains from
Fundamental Field Equation Set
(Zero Body Force Case)
Compatibility in Terms of Stress:
Equilibrium Equations Beltrami-Michell Compatibility Equations
 x  yx  zx 2
  0 (1  )  x  2 (  x   y   z )  0
2

x y z x
2
 xy  y  zy (1  )  y  2 (  x   y   z )  0
2

  0 y
x y z 2
(1  )  z  2 (  x   y   z )  0
2
 xz  yz  z z
  0
x y z 2
(1  )  xy 
2
( x   y   z )  0
xy
2
(1  )  yz 
2
( x   y   z )  0
yz
2
(1  )  zx 
2
( x   y   z )  0
zx

6 Equations for 6 Unknown Stresses

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 Displacement Formulation
Eliminate Stresses and Strains from
Fundamental Field Equation Set
(Zero Body Force Case)

Equilibrium Equations in Terms of Displacements:

Navier’s/Lame’s Equations

  u v w 
 2 u  (  )    0
x  x y z 
  u v w 
 2 v  (  )    0
y  x y z 
  u v w 
 2 w  (  )    0
z  x y z 

3 Equations for 3 Unknown Displacements

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 Summary of Reduction of Fundamental
Elasticity Field Equation Set
General Field Equation System
(15 Equations, 15 Unknowns:)

{ui , eij ,  ij ; , , Fi }  0
1
eij  (ui , j  u j ,i )
2
 ij, j  Fi  0
 ij  (  )ekk ij  2eij
eij,kl  ekl ,ij  eik , jl  e jl ,ik  0

Stress Formulation Displacement Formulation

(6 Equations, 6 Unknowns:) (3 Equations, 3 Unknowns: ui)

 ( t ) { ij ; , , Fi } ( u ) {ui ; , , Fi }
 ij, j  Fi  0
ui ,kk  (  )uk ,ki  Fi  0
1 
ij,kk   kk ,ij   ij Fk ,k  Fi , j  F j ,i
1  1 

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 Principle of Superposition
For a given problem domain, if the state { ij(1) , eij(1) , ui(1) } is a solution to the fundamental
elasticity equations with prescribed body forces Fi (1) and surface tractions Ti (1) , and the
state { ij( 2 ) , eij( 2 ) , ui( 2 ) } is a solution to the fundamental equations with prescribed body
forces Fi ( 2 ) and surface tractions Ti ( 2 ) , then the state { ij(1)   ij( 2 ) , eij(1)  eij( 2 ) , ui(1)  ui( 2 ) }
will be a solution to the problem with body forces Fi (1)  Fi ( 2 ) and surface tractions
Ti (1)  Ti ( 2 ) .

(1)+(2) = (1) + (2)

{ ij(1) , eij(1) , ui(1) }

{ ij(1)   ij( 2 ) , eij(1)  eij( 2 ) , ui(1)  ui( 2 ) } { ij( 2 ) , eij( 2 ) , ui( 2 ) }

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

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 Saint-Venant’s Principle
The stress, strain and displacement fields due to two different
statically equivalent force distributions on parts of the body
far away from the loading points are approximately the same

FR T(n)

P P P PPP
S*
2 2 3 33

(1) (2) (3)

Boundary loading T(n) would produce

detailed and characteristic effects only in
vicinity of S*. Away from S* stresses would
generally depend more on resultant FR of
Stresses approximately the same tractions rather than on exact distribution

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 General Solution Strategies Used to
Solve Elasticity Field Equations
Direct Method - Solution of field equations by direct integration. Boundary conditions
are satisfied exactly. Method normally encounters significant mathematical difficulties
thus limiting its application to problems with simple geometry.
Inverse Method - Displacements or stresses are selected that satisfy field equations. A
search is then conducted to identify a specific problem that would be solved by this
solution field. This amounts to determine appropriate problem geometry, boundary
conditions and body forces that would enable the solution to satisfy all conditions on the
problem. It is sometimes difficult to construct solutions to a specific problem of practical
interest.
Semi-Inverse Method - Part of displacement and/or stress field is specified, while the
other remaining portion is determined by the fundamental field equations (normally
using direct integration) and boundary conditions. Constructing appropriate
displacement and/or stress solution fields can often be guided by approximate strength
of materials theory. Usefulness of this approach is greatly enhanced by employing Saint-
Venant’s principle, whereby a complicated boundary condition can be replaced by a
simpler statically equivalent distribution.

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

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 Mathematical Techniques Used to
Solve Elasticity Field Equations
Analytical Solution Procedures
- Power Series Method
- Fourier Method
- Integral Transform Method
- Complex Variable Method
 
Approximate Solution Procedures
- Ritz Method
 
Numerical Solution Procedures
- Finite Difference Method (FDM)
- Finite Element Method (FEM)
- Boundary Element Method (BEM)

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

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