Process Fluid Flow (PFF260S)

Semester 1, 2020
-Dr. Buntu Godongwana
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)

3.13 Conservation of Momentum

• Newton’s second law of motion for a system is:

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

=
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝐷
• Time rate of change of the linear momentum = 𝒗𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝐷𝑡

• Sum of external forces acting on the system = 𝐹

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 2
2020
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)

3.14 Linear momentum

• The time rate of change of linear momentum of the system is given

by:

𝐷 𝜕
𝒗𝜌𝑑𝑉 = 𝒗𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝒗𝜌𝒗 ∙ 𝒏𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕t

• Where D/Dt is the substantial (material) derivative, and v is the

velocity vector.

• The above equation is a consequence of Reynolds transport theorem.

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 3
2020
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)

3.15 The Linear Momentum Equation (LME)

𝜕
𝒗𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝒗𝜌𝒗 ∙ 𝒏𝑑𝐴 = 𝐹
𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝐴

• We call this equation the linear momentum equation (LME).

• We will limit our application of this equation to fixed, non-deforming

control volumes.

• The external forces considered are body and surface forces that act
on what is contained in the control volume.

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 4
2020
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)

3.15 The Linear Momentum Equation (LME)

• p1 and p2 are the gage pressures at the inlet and outlet,

respectively.

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 5
2020
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)

3.15 The Linear Momentum Equation (LME)

• At steady-state, the x and y-components of the LME, respectively,

are:
𝑝1 𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 + 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1

𝑝1 𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 − 𝑚𝑡 𝑔 + 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1

• Rx and Ry are the x and y –components of the force exerted by the

solid surface on the fluid respectively.

• mt is the total mass of fluid in the control volume.

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 6
2020
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)

3.15 The Linear Momentum Equation (LME)

• The resultant force R is given by:

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2

• The angle this force makes with the horizontal plane is:

𝑅𝑥
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅𝑦

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 7
2020
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)
3.15 The Linear Momentum Equation
3.15.1 Class Exercise

Water is flowing at a rate of 0.03154 m3/s through a horizontal

nozzle and discharges to the atmosphere at point (2). The nozzle is
attached at the upstream end at point (1) and friction forces are
considered negligible. The upstream inner diameter (ID) is 0.0635
m and the downstream ID is 0.0286 m. Calculate the resultant
force on the nozzle.

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 8
2020
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)
3.15 The Linear Momentum Equation
3.15.2 Class Exercise

A reducing elbow is used to deflect water

flow at a rate of 30kg/s in a horizontal
pipe upward by an angle of 45° from the
flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow discharges water into
the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 150cm2 at
the inlet and 25 cm2 at the exit. The elevation difference between
the centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The
mass of the elbow and the water in it is 50 kg.
Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the
elbow in place.
Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 9
2020
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)
3.15 The Linear Momentum Equation
3.15.3 Class Exercise

Water is flowing at steady-state at 363 K and at a rate of 0.0566

m3/s through a 60˚ reducing bend (2 = 60˚). The inlet pipe
diameter is 0.1016 m and the outlet 0.0762 m. The friction loss in
the pipe bend can be estimated as 𝑣22 /5. Neglect gravity forces.
The exit pressure p2 = 111.5 kN/m2 gage. Calculate the resultant
force on the bend in Newtons.

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 10
2020
 3. Conservation Laws (PFF260S)
Syllabus

 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and its Basic Concepts

 Properties of Fluids
 Pressure and Fluid Statics
• Mass, Momentum and Energy Conservation Equations
• Flow in Pipes
• Losses in Piping System
• Piping Network and Pump Selection

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 11
2020
 References (PFF260S)

• Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., and Okiishi, T. H. 2006.

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 5th ed. Wiley: New York.
• White, F.M. 1998. Fluid Mechanics. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill: New
York.
• Geankoplis. C.J. 1993. Transport Processes and Unit Operations.
Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
• Fox, R.W., McDonald, A.T. & Pritchard, P.J. 2004. Introduction to
Fluid Mechanics. 6th edition. Wiley: New York.
• Holland, F.A. 1995. Fluid Flow for Chem. Engineers. 2nd edition.
Edward Arnold: London.
• Welty, J.R., Wicks, C. E., Wilson, R. E. 2001. Fundamentals of
Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. 4th ed. John Wiley: New
York.

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 12
2020
 References (PFF260S)

• Cengel, Y.A. & Cimbala, J.M. 2013. Fluid Mechanics:

fundamentals and applications. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Perry, R.H., Green, D.W. & Maloney, J.O. (eds). 1998. Perry’s
chemical engineer’s handbook. 7th ed. McGraw Hill: New York.
• Anderson, J.D. 1995. Computational fluid dynamics: the basics
with applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Dr B. Godongwana, Semester 1 13
2020