Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

Heat transfer to a substance corresponding

Q mcP T mcP (T2 T1 ) m = mass cP = heat capacity
to temperature rise of T
Q W
Heat flux q =
As m 2
Heat conduction dT dT
Q cond = -k As [W] qcond = -k [W/m 2 ]
(Fouriers law) dx dx
Heat convection
Qconv = hA (T - T ) [W]
s s qconv = h (Ts - T ) [W/m 2 ]
(Newtons law of cooling)
Radiation heat Q rad = As (Ts4 - Tsurr
4
) [W] q rad = (Ts4 - Tsurr
4
) [W/m 2 ]
T K T
Thermal resistance Rtotal = or Q = [W]
Q W Rtotal
L K ln (r2 / r1 ) K r2 - r1 K
Conduction resistance Rwall = Rcyl = Rsph =
kAs W 2 Lk W 4 r1r2 k W
1 K
Convection resistance Rconv =
h As W
1 K Q rad W
Radiation resistance Rrad = hrad = = (Ts2 + T2 )(Ts + T )
hrad As W As (Ts - T ) m2 K

k ins 2 k ins
Critical radius of insulation rcr, cyl = [m] rcr, sph = [m]
h h
Surface temperature of solids with gL
gr
0 gr
0
volumetric heat generation g [W/m ]
3 Ts, wall = T + Ts, cyl = T + Ts, sph = T +
h 2h 3h
Maximum temperature difference in solids
with volumetric heat generation 2
gL 02
gr 02
gr
(Tmax - Tmin )wall = (Tmax - Tmin )cyl = (Tmax - Tmin )sph =
g [W/m3 ] k 4k 6k
T ( x ) - T
Temperature distribution on very long fins = exp -x h p / k Ac Tb = base temp. p = perimeter Ac = cross-sectional area
Tb - T

Temperature distribution on fins with T ( x) - T cosh m( L - x)

= m = h p / k Ac p = perimeter Ac = cross-sectional area
adiabatic tips Tb - T cosh mL
Heat transfer rate from long fins Q long fin = h p k Ac (Tb - T )
Heat transfer rate from fins with adiabatic
Q adi. tip = h p k Ac (Tb - T ) tanh mL
tips
Q fin actual heat transfer rate from the fin
Fin efficiency fin = =
Q fin, max ideal heat transfer rate from the fin (if the entire fin were at base temperature)
Q Q fin heat transfer rate from the fin of base area Ab
Fin effectiveness fin = fin = = Ab = area of the fin base
Qno fin h Ab (Tb - T ) heat transfer rate from the surface area Ab

Relation between fin efficiency and fin Q fin fin h Afin (Tb - T ) Afin
fin = = = fin
effectiveness Q no fin hAb (Tb - T ) Ab
T (t ) - T h As 1
Transient temperature for lumped systems = exp[-bt ] with b =
Ti - T V cP s
h Lc h Lc V Lc V Lc cP
Bi = Nu = Re = = Pr =
ksolid kfluid k
Dimensionless numbers
g Ts T L 3
g Ts T L3
t
GrL c
Ra L GrL Pr c
Pr Fo =
2 2 L2c
T ( x, t ) - T t
( x, t )wall = = A1 exp -12 cos (1 x / L ) =
Ti - T L2
T (r , t ) - T t k
One term approximation formula (valid for
(r , t )cyl = = A1 exp -12 J 0 (1r / r0 ) = 2 =
> 0.2 ) Ti - T r0 cP
T (r , t ) - T sin (1r / r0 ) t
(r , t )sph = = A1 exp -12 =
Ti - T (1r / r0 ) r02

V 1
Shear stress s = = C f V 2 [Pa]
y y=0
2

1|P a g e

 Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

Buoyancy force FB = fluid g Vbody-wet

1 1 1 1
Volume expansion coefficient ideal gas
T P T K T
Correlations for Forced Convection
Frictional force Ff for a plate and drag 1 1
Ff = C f As V 2 FD = CD AN V 2 AN = frontal surface area
force FD for a blunt body 2 2
Local thickness of boundary layer, friction 4.91 x 0.664 hx x
factor, and Nu number for laminar flow x = C f ,x = Nu x = = 0.332Re1/x 2 Pr1/3 Pr > 0.6
over a flat plate with isothermal condition Re1/x 2 Re1/x 2 k
Average friction factor and Nu number for 1.33 hL
laminar flow over a flat plate with Cf = Nu = = 0.664Re1/L 2 Pr1/3
isothermal condition Re1/L 2 k
0.38 x 0.059
Local thickness of boundary layer, friction
x = C f ,x =
Re1/x 5 Re1/x 5
factor, and Nu number for turbulent flow
over a flat plate with isothermal condition hx x
Nu x = = 0.0296Re4/5
x Pr
1/3
0.6 Pr 60
k
Average friction factor and Nu number for 0.074 hL
turbulent flow over a flat plate with C f = 1/5 Nu = = 0.037Re4/5
L Pr
1/3

isothermal condition ReL k

0.074 1742
Cf = - 5 105 Re L 107
Average friction factor and Nu number for Re1/5 Re L
L
combined laminar and turbulent flow
hL
over a flat plate with isothermal condition
Nu = = (0.037 Re4/5
L - 871) Pr
1/3
0.6 Pr 60 5105 Re L 107
k
hx
Average Nu number for laminar and Nu x = x = 0.453Re1/x 2 Pr1/3 Laminar (isoflux plate)
k
turbulent flows over a flat plate with
isoflux condition hx
Nu x = x = 0.0308Re4/5 x Pr
1/3
Turbulent (isoflux plate)
k
4/ 5
hD 0.62 Re1/ 2 Pr1/ 3 Re 5/8
Nu cyl 0.3 1 Re Pr 0.2

1/ 4
Average Nu number for cross-flow over a k
cylinder
1 0.4 / Pr 2/3
282,000

All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the film temperature Tfilm Ts T / 2

1/ 4
hD
Nu sph 2 0.4 Re1/ 2 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 2 / 5 3.5 Re 80,000 0.7 Pr 380
Average Nu number for cross-flow over a k s
sphere All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the flow temperature T , except s which is evaluated at the surface
temperature Ts
Correlations for Natural Convection from Finned Surfaces
Vertical isothermal plate of length L

For the average Nusselt number for vertical isothermal parallel plates
1/ 2
hS 576 2.873 g Ts T S 3
Nu with Ra S GrS Pr Pr
kfluid (Ra S S / L ) 2 (Ra S S / L )1/ 2 2

The optimum fin spacing and the corresponding heat transfer coefficient
L kfluid
Sopt 2.714 h 1.307
Ra1/L 4 Sopt

All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the film temperature Tfilm Ts T / 2

Correlations for Natural Convection in Rectangular Enclosures

2|P a g e

 Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

Horizontal enclosure

1708 Ra1/3
Nu 1 1.44 1
L
1 Ra L 108
Ra L 18

The notation [ ] indicates that if the quantity in the bracket is negative, it should be set equal to zero
All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the average temperature Tavg T1 T2 / 2

Vertical enclosure

0.29
Pr H Pr
Nu 0.18 Ra L 1 2 Ra L 103 any Pr number
0.2 Pr L 0.2 Pr
0.28 1/ 4
Pr H H
Nu 0.22 Ra L 2 10 Ra L 1010 any Pr number
0.2 Pr L L
0.3
H H
Nu 0.42 Ra1/L 4 Pr 0.012 10 40 104 Ra L 107 1 Pr 2 104
L L
All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the average temperature Tavg T1 T2 / 2

3|P a g e

 Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

4|P a g e

 Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

5|P a g e

 Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

6|P a g e

 Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

7|P a g e

 Formula Sheet For Heat Transfer (MSE 321)

8|P a g e