Mustansiriyah University , College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department,

3d Class- 1st Course (2018-2019), Course Title: Air Conditioning Field, Code: 506-03-3-06

L4 (Heat transfer principles)

Heat transfer:
Whenever a temperature gradient exists within a system or when two
systems at different temperature are brought into contact, energy is transferred.
The process by which the energy transport takes place is known as heat transfer.
Therefore heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one
region to another as a result of a temperature difference between them.

Modes of heat transfer:

Heat transfer generally recognizes three distinct modes: conduction,
convection & radiation.
Conduction:
q=-kA
Th
q dx = - k A dT T(x)

∫ =-∫ Tc

When k is constant L

( ) x
q=

Where Rcond: conduction resistance

Rcond=

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Mustansiriyah University , College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department,
3d Class- 1st Course (2018-2019), Course Title: Air Conditioning Field, Code: 506-03-3-06

Heat conduction in a composite plan wall: T1 T2 T3 T4

q
A k1 k2 k3
q= =∑
Δx1 Δx2 Δx3

R1 R2 R3

Conduction through hollow cylinders:

q=-kA
r1 r2
where A = 2 T1 T1

q= = = k
( )
q
⁄
where Rcond.=

Conduction through composite cylinders:

q=
where
⁄ r1 r2
R1 = T4 T3 T2 T1
r3
⁄
R2 = k1
r4
q
⁄ k2
R3=
k3
q=∑

R1 R2 R3

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Mustansiriyah University , College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department,
3d Class- 1st Course (2018-2019), Course Title: Air Conditioning Field, Code: 506-03-3-06

convection:
Tw
q = h A (Tw - T ) Tα

T
Rconv: convection resistance = h

Heat transfer through wall with internal & external convection:

T1 T2

q= q

q= Ti To
hi ho

where Rconvi = , Rcond = , Rcnvo= Δx

Overall heat transfer coefficient:

q=UA =

R=

where:
U: overall heat transfer coefficient.
A: heat transfer area
: temperature difference

UA = for plan wall

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Mustansiriyah University , College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department,
3d Class- 1st Course (2018-2019), Course Title: Air Conditioning Field, Code: 506-03-3-06

Q=

UA = ( ) for pipe

Ui = ( ) based on Ai

Uo = ( ) based on Ao

Calculation of heat transfer coefficient(h):

Re = For flow over plate

Re = For flow in pipe

For flow in channels D is replaced by Dh

Dh =

Dh: hydraulic diameter

A: flow area
p: wetted permiter

Nu =

For flow over plan surface

If Re 5×105 Flow is laminar and Nu = 0.664 Re0.5 pr ⁄

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Mustansiriyah University , College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department,
3d Class- 1st Course (2018-2019), Course Title: Air Conditioning Field, Code: 506-03-3-06

If Re 5×105 Flow is turbulent Nu = 0.036 Re0.8 pr ⁄

For flow in pipes

If Re 2300 Flow is laminar and
Nu = 4.364 for constant wall heat flux
Nu = 3.66 for constant wall temperature
If Re Flow is turbulent and Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 pr 0.4

Radiation heat transfer:

Black body radiation:
Eb = T4 (w/m2)
Where:
Eb: energy emitted by black body
Stefan Boltzmann constant= 5.669×10-8 (w/m2.k4)
In general
q = ε σ A T4 (W)
ε: emissivity of body ( 0 ≤ ε ≤ 1)
ε = 1 for black body

In air conditioning total resistance is

R=

fi=9.37 w/m2.c for inside (still air)

fo= 34.1 w/m2.c for winter with wind speed 24 km/h
fo= 22.7 w/m2.c for summer with wind speed 12 km/h
fi: inside film or surface conductance
fo: outside film or surface conductance

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Mustansiriyah University , College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department,
3d Class- 1st Course (2018-2019), Course Title: Air Conditioning Field, Code: 506-03-3-06

U=

For plan walls (equal area)

U=

When air space is provided between the materials then the overall coefficient
of heat transmission is:

Ti To

U= fo
fi k1 k2 k3

Ka: thermal conductance of air space.

Δx1 Δx2 Δx3

Wall surface temperature:

The inside wall temperature con not be assume to be equal to the inside air
temperature. If the wall surface temperature is lower than the dew point
temperature of air this cause a damage to the plaster & wood work due to
condensation of the vapor in air. In winter must be decrease the humidity of air or
decrease the film resistance by increase the velocity of air of surface to prevent the
condensation. We can calculate wall surface temperature from the temperature of
air at sides of wall.

Ts
q= ( ) ( )
fi fo

Ti To
Tsurface = Ti (Ti )

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