Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (2020) 139:2089–2098

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08533-w (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV)

Three-dimensional analysis on natural convection inside a T-shaped

cavity with water-based CNT–aluminum oxide hybrid nanofluid
Mohammed A. Almeshaal2 • K. Kalidasan3 • Faouzi Askri1 • R. Velkennedy4 • Ali Sulaiman Alsagri5 •

Lioua Kolsi6,7

Received: 1 April 2019 / Accepted: 30 June 2019 / Published online: 25 July 2019
 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2019

Abstract
Three-dimensional numerical simulation on natural convection inside the T-shaped cavity, filled with water-based hybrid
nanofluid of CNT–aluminum oxide is performed by vorticity–vector potential formalism. The variables considered are size
of enclosure (0.1 \ L \ 0.9), volumetric percentage of nanoparticles (0 \ u \ 4%), fraction of CNT composites
(0 \ fr \ 1), and Rayleigh number (103 \ Ra \ 106). The heat transfer is increased with the increase in size, volumetric
percentage of nanoparticles, fraction of CNT composites, and Rayleigh number.

Keywords Natural convection  Three-dimensional analysis  Hybrid nanofluid  T-shaped cavity

List of symbols Nu Local Nusselt number

Cp Specific heat at constant pressure (J kg-1 K-1) Pr Prandtl number
fr Fraction of CNT in the volumetric fraction of Ra Rayleigh number
nanoparticles Rc Thermal conductivity ratio (ks/kf)
g Gravitational acceleration (m s-2) t Dimensionless time (t0 a/l2)
k Thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1) T T 0 T 0
Dimensionless temperature [½T 0 Tc0 ]
h c
L Enclosure width
Tc0 Cold temperature (K)
n Unit vector normal to the wall
Th0 Hot temperature (K)
To Tc0 þTh0
Bulk temperature [To = ½ 2 ]
(K)
~
V Dimensionless velocity vector (V~0  l=a)
& Lioua Kolsi x, y, z Dimensionless Cartesian coordinates (x0 =l, y0 =l, z0 =l)
lioua_enim@yahoo.fr
1
College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Greek symbols
Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia a Thermal diffusivity (m2 s-1)
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of b Thermal expansion coefficient (1 K-1)
Engineering, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic l Dynamic viscosity (kg ms-1)
University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia m Kinematic viscosity (m2 s-1)
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Arulmigu Palaniandavar ~
x ~0  a=l2 )
Dimensionless vorticity (x
Polytechnic College, Palani, Tamilnadu 624 601, India / Volumetric fraction of nanoparticles
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Thiagarajar College of ~
w Dimensionless vector potential (w~0 =a)
Engineering, Madurai, Tamilnadu 625 015, India
5
q Density (kg m-3)
Mechanical Engineering Department, Unayzah College of DT Dimensionless temperature difference
Engineering, Qassim University, Qassim 51911, Saudi
Arabia
6 Superscript
College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering 0
Department, Hail University, Hail City, Saudi Arabia Dimensional variable
7
Laboratory of Metrology and Energy Systems, Monastir,
College of Engineering of Monastir, University of Monastir,
5000 Monastir City, Tunisia

123
2090
Subscripts
x, y, z Cartesiancoordinates
av Average
nf Nanofluid
Introduction
Natural convection is getting prime attraction due to the
deficit of fossil fuel as well as enormous growth in
industrial applications like solar collectors, heat exchang-
ers, electronic chips, green buildings, etc. Many studies
were reported in the literature regarding natural convection
[1–6]. One of the effective ways to enhance the convection
is the replacement of conventional fluid by the nanofluid
with high thermal conductivity [7–12].
Various geometrical shapes of cavity were considered in
the past. Mojumder et al. [13] considered the half-moon-
shaped cavity and found that Fe3O4-water has a positive
impact on heat transfer analysis. Koca et al. [14] performed
the study on triangular enclosure and concluded that flow
and temperature fields were affected with the Prandtl num-
ber, Rayleigh number, location, and length of heater.
Mohebbi and Rashidi [15] study shows that the heat transfer
rate decreases with the increasing aspect ratio on a L-shaped
cavity and is more influential at low Ra. Kalidasan et al. [16]
indicated that the heat transfer intensity is high on the lower
part of the vertical hot wall than the upper portion on an
open C-shaped enclosure, filled with copper–titania/water
hybrid nanofluid. Alsabery et al. [17] analyzed the trape-
zoidal enclosure and found a strong heat transfer enhance-
ment through the higher sidewall inclination angle.
Snoussi et al. [18] considered the U-shaped cavity and
revealed that the heat transfer is enhanced by the extensions
of cold wall length. Esfe et al. [19] investigated the T-shaped
cavity and concluded that the average Nusselt number
decreased with an increase in aspect ratio at low Rayleigh
number. Kasaeipoor et al. [20] also performed the MHD
study on the T-shaped vented cavity with nanofluid and
reported that the heat transfer increases with the increasing
cavity aspect ratio. The studies on the literature indicated
that the geometrical shape of the cavity is an influencing
factor on the flow and thermal fields of natural convection.
CNT is preferred over other nanocomposites due to the
higher thermal conductivity associated with large surface
area. The thermal conductivity of CNT is 3000 W m-1 K-1
while that of alumina is 40 W m-1 K-1. These two com-
posites mixed very well, and their thermal conductivity
upsurges with the rise of temperature [21]. Nanofluid with
spherical particles presents a slight increase in thermal
conductivity compared with the cylindrical-shaped particles
like CNT [22]. Hence CNT–Al2O3 nanofluid with water as
base fluid is preferred over other nanofluids.
123
M. A. Almeshaal et al.
Most of the studies on convection were conducted with
two-dimensional analyses. But the three-dimensional
analysis reflects the true nature of the problem and also
yields the accurate results. Salari et al. [23] also remarked
that three-dimensional solutions render more accurate
results. Selimefendigil and Oztop [24] performed the 3D
analysis on a trapezoidal cavity and found that when
Rayleigh number and side surface inclination angle
increased, the local and average Nusselt numbers enhance.
Al-Rashed et al. [25] performed a three-dimensional
analysis and reported that the heat transfer intensify with
the increasing percentage of CNT particles and a larger
Rayleigh number. Oztop et al. [26] revealed that the
highest heat transfer and entropy generation were observed
for the fully opened cubical cavity compared to the partial
open cavity. Some other studies performed with three-di-
mensional analyses are presented in [27–30]. More details
on modeling and simulation of nanofluid can be found in
the recently published review papers of Mahain et al.
[31, 32].
As mentioned earlier, three-dimensional analyses pre-
sents the true nature of the problem and the cylindrical-
shaped CNT particles have more thermal conductivity than
the spherical-shaped nanocomposites. The combined study
of three-dimensional T-shaped enclosure with CNT–Al2O3
composites were not reported in the literature so far.
Hence, in the present research, three-dimensional numeri-
cal simulations are performed in a T-shaped cavity using
CNT–Al2O3 nanofluid with various aspect ratios.
Mathematical modeling
Description of the problem
The physical configuration of the problem is shown in
Fig. 1. The T-shaped cubical cavity is having a non-di-
mensional size of l0 9 l0 9 l0 . The depth of the flange and
width of the rib is assumed as L0 . All the left side walls are
considered as hot and the right side walls are assumed as
cold. The top and bottom walls are kept as adiabatic. The
cubic cavity is filled with water–(CNT–Al2O3) hybrid
nanofluid. The variables in the present analysis are depth of
flange (L0 ), width of rib (L0 ), volumetric percentage of
nanocomposites in water (f), volumetric percentage of CNT
composites in aluminum oxide (Fr), and Rayleigh number
(Ra). The hybrid nanofluid is assumed as Newtonian and
the flow is three-dimensional, unsteady, laminar, and
incompressible. Boussinesq approximation is applied for
constant thermophysical properties of the hybrid nanofluid.
The thermophysical properties of the base fluid (water) and
nanocomposites are given in Table 1.
Three-dimensional analysis on natural convection inside a T-shaped cavity with water-based… 2091

mf g  bf  DT  l3
x Pr ¼ ; Ra ¼ and T
af mf :af
z ¼ ðT 0  Tc 0 Þ=ðTh 0  Tc 0 Þ ð6Þ
y
The effective density of a hybrid nanofluid is expressed
as:
T ′h
h qhnf ¼ uCNT qCNT þ uAl2 O3 qAl2 O3 þ ð1  uÞqf ð7Þ
T′′c
T′

L' where u is the overall volume concentration: u ¼ uCNT þ

c
T′
uAl2 O3
The heat capacitance of a nanofluid given by Kahveci
[33] is:
T ′h      
qCp hnf ¼ uCNT qCp CNT þ uAl2 O3 qCp Al2 O3
 
þ ð1  uÞ qCp f ð8Þ
T ′′c
The effective thermal conductivity of a hybrid nanofluid
is expressed as [34]:
1
   
khnf u uCNT kCNT þ uAl2 O3 kAl2 O3 þ 2kf þ 2 uCNT kCNT þ uAl2 O3 kAl2 O3  2ukf
¼ 1   
u uCNT kCNT þ uAl2 O3 kAl2 O3 þ 2kf  uCNT kCNT þ uAl2 O3 kAl2 O3 þ ukf
kf

ð9Þ
L'
The effective dynamic viscosity of a hybrid nanofluid
Fig. 1 Studied configuration given by the Brinkman model is
lf
lnf ¼  2:5 ð10Þ
Table 1 Thermophysical properties of water and nanoparticles 1  ðuCNT þ uAl2 O3 Þ
Physical properties Water CNT Al2O3 The fraction of CNT in the volumetric fraction of
Cp/J kg -1
K -1
4179 425 765 nanoparticles
q/kg m-3 997.1 2600 3970 uCNT
fr ¼ ð11Þ
k/W m-1 K-1 0.613 6600 40 uCNT þ uAl2 O3
-1 -5 -6
b/K 21.10 1.6.10 0.85.10-5

Boundary conditions
Mathematical equations
The boundary conditions for the T-shaped cubical enclo-
The governing equations in three-dimensional forms are sure are given as follows:
presented using the vector potential–vorticity formalism Temperature:
~x T ¼ 0 for (x = 1 and 0 \ y \ L), (0.5 ? L/2 \ x \ 1
ðw ~Þ which completely eliminates the pressure term.
and y = L) and (x = 0.5 ? L/2 and L \ y \ 1)
The governing equations are:
T ¼ 1 for (x = 0 and 0 \ y \ L), (0 \ x \ 0.5 - L/2
0
~0 ¼ r
x ~V
~ ð1Þ and y = L) and (x = 0.5 - L/2 and L \ y \ 1)
0
~0 ¼ r
V ~ ~
w ð2Þ
oT
on ¼ 0 on the other walls (i.e., adiabatic).
Vorticity:
~ ¼ r2 ~
x w ð3Þ oV
xx ¼ 0, xy ¼  oV y
ox , xz ¼ ox for: (x = 1 and 0 \ y \ L),
z

~
ox ~  rÞx ~ þ mnf Pr  r2 x (x = 0.5 ? L/2 and L \ y \ 1), for (x = 0 and
þ ðV ~ ¼ ðx
~  rÞV ~
ot mf 0 \ y \ L) and (x = 0.5 - L/2 and L \ y \ 1)
ð4Þ
b xx ¼ oV oVx
oy , xy ¼ 0, xz ¼  oy for: (y = 0), (0.5 ? L/
z
 nf RaPrr  Tg ~
bf 2 \ x \ 1 and y = L), (0 \ x \ 0.5 - L/2 and y = L)
oT ~ anf 2 and (y = 1)
þ V  rT ¼ r T ð5Þ
ot af oV
xx ¼  ozy , xy ¼ oV
oz , xz ¼ 0 at z ¼ 0 and 1.
x

where Vector potential:

123
2092 M. A. Almeshaal et al.

owx Table 2 Grid sensitivity analysis

ox¼ wy ¼ wz ¼ 0 for: (x = 1 and 0 \ y \ L),
(x = 0.5 ? L/2 and L \ y \ 1), for (x = 0 and Grid size Nuav % increase Incremental increase
0 \ y \ L) and (x = 0.5 - L/2 and L \ y \ 1)
ow 613 6.7142 – –
wx ¼ oyy ¼ wz ¼ 0 for: (y = 0), (0.5 ? L/2 \ x \ 1 and 713 6.8399 1.872 –
y = L), (0 \ x \ 0.5 - L/2 and y = L) and (y = 1) 813 6.9208 3.077 1.1827%
3
91 6.9402 3.366 0.2803%
wx ¼ wy ¼ ow
oz ¼ 0 at z ¼ 0 and 1.
z

Velocity:
Vx ¼ Vy ¼ Vz ¼ 0 on all the solid walls.
(a) Present work Esfe et al. [19]
The local Nusselt number (Nu) on the walls are enu-
merated as follows
  
knf oT 
Nu ¼ ð12Þ
k ox 

Ra = 10 3
f S

The average Nusselt number on the hot wall (Nuav ) is

represented by:
Z
Nuav ¼ Nu  ds ð13Þ
S

Numerical procedure
Ra = 10 5

The above governing equations are resolved with code

written in FORTRAN language. Governing Equations are
discretized by the control volume method using the central
difference scheme. The successive relaxation iteration
scheme is applied for the numerical solutions. The simu-
lation is considered as acceptable when the convergence (b) Present work Esfe et al. [19]
criterion given below is satisfied for each time step:
 
X maxwni  wn1
1;2;3   
 ni
þ maxTin  Tin1  6 105 ð14Þ
Ra = 103


max wi 
i

Grid evaluation and validation of the code

The grid dependency test (Table 2) is performed for

Ra = 105, L = 0.5, u =0.04, and fr = 0.25. The testing
parameter is the average Nusselt number. The variation
between 813 and 913 grids is about 0.28%. Thus to reduce
Ra = 10 5

the time of executions without affecting the accuracy of the

results, the grid 813 is chosen to perform all the simula-
tions. For validation of code, the flow structure of the
present works are compared with results of Esfe et al. [19],
for u =0.01 and different Ra and shown in Fig. 2a, b. The
present results show good matching with the works of
Esfe et al. [19]. It is to be noted that the work of Esfe et al. Fig. 2 a Comparison of the temperature field with results of
is 2D, thus to make comparison temperature fields and flow Esfe et al. [19], for u = 0.01 and different Ra. b Comparison of the
strictures are presented at the central plan z = 0.5. As flow structure with results of Esfe et al. [19], for u = 0.01 and
different Ra
mentioned above, the flow structures are similar, but for
our results, the particle trajectories are not closed (a
specific character for 3D cases)

123
Three-dimensional analysis on natural convection inside a T-shaped cavity with water-based… 2093

Fig. 3 Velocity vector ϕ =0 ϕ = 0.04 and fr = 0.25

projection on z = 0.5 plan for
Ra = 106

L = 0.9
L = 0.6
L = 0.3
L = 0.1

Results and discussion with 4% volumetric nanocomposites. The volumetric per-

Three-dimensional numerical analysis has been conducted
on a T-shaped cavity with hybrid nanofluid of water-based
CNT–Al2O3 nanocomposites using the vector potential–
vorticity formalism.
Velocity vector projection on z = 0.5 plan for Ra = 106
is presented in Fig. 3 for pure water and hybrid nanofluid
centage of CNT particle in this case is 25% and Al2O3 is
75%. The height of flange as well as width of web is varied
simultaneously from 10 to 90%. When pure water is con-
sidered and L = 0.1, the conduction dominates the con-
vection, resulting in low-intensity velocity distribution in
the web portion.

123
2094
Due to weak inertia forces, the particles partially filled
the flange portion. When L is increased to 0.3, the heat flux
gains the momentum, the velocity vectors extended
throughout the cavity with minor stratifications at the
middle. Further increase in momentum at L = 0.6 forms an
anticlockwise swirl at the middle. The velocities of parti-
cles are high at the flange than at the bottom of rib due the
movement of hot fluid by the buoyant forces. Two vortices
of low intensities are formed at the flange. These two
vortices attained more strength when L is increased to 0.9.
When L = 0.9, the increased area of hot wall emits more
heat flux resulting enhanced heat transfer on the fluid. In
this case, the inertia forces completely dominate the vis-
cous forces. When the nanocomposites are introduced, the
strength of convective forces is increased for all the values
of L as shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 4 indicates the particle trajectories at high Ray-
leigh number 106 with 4% volume of nanocomposites.
When L = 0.1, the conduction is the influencing parameter.
Hence the particle trajectories are uniformly placed and
occupied the web portion. The absence of inertia forces
results in null trajectories in the flange portion. When
L = 0.3, the buoyancy forces gained momentum, and hence
Fig. 4 Particle trajectories field
for Ra = 106, u = 0.04 and
fr = 0.25
123
M. A. Almeshaal et al.
particle trajectories extends to the whole cavity, but their
spacing are sparse. Further increase in L results stratifica-
tions in the trajectories due to increase in strength of inertia
forces. The increase in buoyancy at L = 0.6 and 0.9 yields
densely packed particle trajectories along the vertical walls.
Isotherms in z = 0.5 plan for Ra = 106 for pure fluid and
hybrid nanofluid with 4% nanocomposites is presented in
Fig. 5. When L = 0.1, due to low emission of heat flux, the
isotherms are visible in the web portion only. The small in
size of web results the uniform as well as compactly
packed isotherms. When L = 0.3, the conduction domi-
nates in the web portion and convection dominates in the
flange portion. Due to improved convection, hot isothermal
layers are visible on the top portion of the flange. The
higher contour lines spread along the left hot walls while
the lower contour lines of isotherms distributed on the right
cold walls. Due to increased buoyancy, the isotherms
become horizontal and thermal layers formed along the
vertical walls at high values of L. In all the cases, the heat
transfer is on the higher side with hybrid nanofluid when
compared with pure fluid.
Figure 6 illustrates the three-dimensional view of tem-
perature field for Ra = 106, u = 0.04 and fr = 0.25. At high
L = 0.9 L = 0.6
L = 0.3 L = 0.1
Three-dimensional analysis on natural convection inside a T-shaped cavity with water-based… 2095

Fig. 5 Isotherms in z = 0.5 plan

for Ra = 106, Dashed (u = 0),
colored (u = 0.04 and
fr = 0.25)

L = 0.9 L = 0.6

L = 0.3 L = 0.1

Fig. 6 Temperature fields for

Ra = 106, u = 0.04 and
fr = 0.25

L = 0.9 L = 0.6

L = 0.3 L = 0.1

123
2096 M. A. Almeshaal et al.

14 16.5
L = 0.5 ϕ = 0.04; Ra = 106
12 15.5

ϕ=0 ϕ = 0.04 (fr = 0.25) 14.5

10
13.5
8

Nu av
Nu av

12.5
6
11.5
4
10.5
L = 0.1 L = 0.3
2 9.5 L = 0.6 L = 0.9

0 8.5
1000 10000 100000 1000000 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Ra fr
20 16.5
fr = 0.25 Ra = 106
18 15.5
16 14.5
14 13.5
12
L =0.3; Ra = 10^4 12.5
Nu av

Nu av
10
L =0.3; Ra = 10^6 11.5
8
L =0.6; Ra = 10^4 10.5
ϕ =0 ϕ = 0.04; fr = 0
6 L =0.6; Ra = 10^6 9.5
ϕ = 0.04; fr = 0.5 ϕ = 0.04; fr = 1
4 8.5
2 7.5
0 6.5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.3 0 .5 0 .7 0 .9
φ L

Fig. 7 Average Nusselt number versus Ra and u Fig. 8 Average Nusselt number versus fr and L

value of Ra and u, the heat transfer rate is maximum. As
mentioned earlier, the temperature layers perspicuously
indicated the higher heat transfer along the left hot walls
and lower heat transfer along the right cold walls on all the
considered cases.
The effect of Ra on heat transfer is indicated in Fig. 7.
The average Nusselt number has increased by manifolds
with the increase in Ra for both pure and hybrid nanofluid.
At high volumetric compositions of nanoparticles and
Ra = 106, the heat transfer rate becomes doubled at L = 0.5
when compared to pure water. Figure 7 also represents the
effect of volumetric concentrations of nanocomposites on
the heat transfer rate. At Ra = 104, the variations in heat
transfer is subtle for both L = 0.3 and L = 0.6. Due to the
strengthening of inertia forces with Ra = 106, the convec-
tion surges with little deviation between L = 0.3 and
L = 0.6.
The effect of variations in size (L) and concentrations of
CNT composites (fr) is shown in Fig. 8, for Ra = 106 and
u = 0.04. As L increases, the rise in heat flux enhanced the
average Nusselt number. The heat transfer increased stea-
dily with the increase in percentage of CNT composites. At
2% of CNT composites, the increase in heat transfer is
substantial when compared to pure Al2O3 particles. The
effect of variations of size (L), volumetric concentrations of
nanocomposites (u), and fractions of CNT composites (fr)
on heat transfer is illustrated in Fig. 8. At Ra = 106, the
graph shows an increasing trend in the heat transfer with
the increase in all the parameters (L, u, fr) due to the
upsurge in buoyancy.
Conclusions
In this study, three-dimensional analyses on natural con-
vection flow and heat transfer was conducted in a T-shaped
cavity with hybrid nanofluid of water-based CNT–Al2O3
composites. The effect of size, volumetric concentration of
solid particles, the fraction of CNT particles, and Rayleigh
number on heat transfer were investigated. Based on the
numerical studies, the following conclusions were found:
• When the size flange and web is high, the increase in
buoyancy due to convection yields densely packed
particle trajectories along the vertical walls.
• Irrespective of variations in size of cavity, the heat
transfer is high with hybrid nanofluid than pure fluid at
high Ra.

123
Three-dimensional analysis on natural convection inside a T-shaped cavity with water-based…
• At high volumetric fractions of nanocomposites and
Ra = 106, the heat transfer rate is increased by 100% at
L = 0.5 when compared to pure water.
• At high volumetric fractions of nanocomposites and
Ra = 106, the heat transfer enhancement is directly
proportional to CNT particles and inversely propor-
tional to Al2O3 particles.
Acknowledgements The authors extend their appreciation to the
Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for fund-
ing this work through General Research Project under grant number
(G.R.P. 25/40).
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