Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Adv.

Heat Transfer II
and Scientific Research Year: Master_Degree
University of Kufa
Faculty of Engineering Time: Three Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiner: Dr Ahmed Alhusseny

Final Examination of the Second Semester (2022–2023)

Answer all questions

Q1\ The graphs below show the development of the local Nusselt number for hydrodynamically
fully developed flow entering a heated pipe section, for different Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
Nu∞ denotes the Nusselt number for fully developed conditions at the same Reynolds and Prandtl
number values, X the distance from the start of the heated section and D the tube diameter.

a) Identify the effects of Prandtl and Reynolds number on thermal development in straight pipes.
b) Explain, with the aid of diagram, the observations made in (a) above.
c) A central heating application involves flow of air at 70℃ in a 100 mm-diameter tube. The air
mass flow rate is 0.15 kg/s. After an initial thermally insulated section, in which the flow
becomes fully developed, there is an 1m long section exposed to ambient conditions, causing
the wall temperature over this section to drop to 30℃. Assuming that changes to the air bulk
temperature are negligible, use the above graphs to calculate the local wall heat flux at the
middle and also at the end of this uninsulated section.
For ρ=1.177 kg/m3, k=0.0262 W/m⸳K, ν=1.578×10-5 m2/s, Pr=0.7, and for fully developed
turbulent flow in a heated pipe, the Nusselt number can be obtained from:
NuD = 0.023 ReD0.8 Pr1/3
(15 Marks)

Q2\ In forced convective heat transfer, the value of the local Stanton number, 𝑆𝑡 = ℎ⁄(𝜌𝑈𝑐𝑝 ) , can
sometimes be obtained from that of the local coefficient of friction, 𝑐𝑓 = 𝜏𝑤 ⁄(0.5𝜌𝑈 2 ), through either the
Reynolds Analogy, or the Extended Reynolds Analogy, shown below.

a) List the conditions under which the Reynolds Analogy can be employed.
b) Which of the restrictions included in (a) can be relaxed, through the introduction of the Extended
Reynolds Analogy?
c) Explain why in turbulent flows the Reynolds Analogy can be used more widely.
d) As shown in the Figure 1 below, a constant-temperature hot surface, 5m in length (L), is cooled by a
stream of cold air which flows in a direction parallel to it. The air velocity is U∞ = 35 m/s and the air
temperature is T∞ =10 oC, while the surface temperature is maintained at Tw = 65oC. The flow over the entire
surface can be assumed to be turbulent. For turbulent flow the local friction factor can be obtained from:
Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Adv. Heat Transfer II
and Scientific Research Year: Master_Degree
University of Kufa
Faculty of Engineering Time: Three Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiner: Dr Ahmed Alhusseny

Final Examination of the Second Semester (2022–2023)

Answer all questions

Using the Reynolds Analogy, determine the rate of heat transfer to the air, per unit width of the surface.
For air, ν =1.6×10-5 m2/s, k = 0.026 W/m⸳K, Pr = 0.71, ρ =1.18 kg/m3, and cP = 1.005 kJ/kg⸳K.

Figure 1
(10 Marks)

Q3\ In an electronic system a CPU is attached to a metallic heat sink, which as shown in Figure 2
below, has 8 vertical rectangular fins which protrude from the outer box of the devise and are
exposed to ambient conditions. The heat generated by the CPU is convected to the surroundings
through natural convection from the 8 fins. The heat sink and the fins can be assumed to be at a
uniform temperature (isothermal) and heat transfer to the surroundings can be assumed to take
place from only the vertical surfaces of heat sinks and the fins involved. For an ambient
temperature of 15℃, the heat sink is at a temperature of 80℃. Assuming laminar conditions,
calculate the CPU rate of heat generation.
Assume that at film temperature, air has the following properties: ν = 1.6×10-5 m2/s, k = 0.026
W/m⸳K, Pr = 0.71, ρ=1.18 kg/m3, and consider that the coefficient of thermal expansion, β, is the
inverse of the absolute film temperature.
(15 Marks)

Figure 2
Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Adv. Heat Transfer II
and Scientific Research Year: Master_Degree
University of Kufa
Faculty of Engineering Time: Three Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiner: Dr Ahmed Alhusseny

Final Examination of the Second Semester (2022–2023)

Answer all questions

Q4\ In a drying application, an air stream with uniform velocity of U∞ = 10 m/s, is used to remove a 2 mm
thick layer of water from a horizontal surface which is 20 m long and 3 m wide. The free-stream density of
the water vapour is ρv,∞ = 0.008 kg/m3. The boundary layer may be assumed to be turbulent from the start, in
which case the local Nusselt number, Nux is given by:
Nux = 0.029Rex0.8 Pr0.43
The relevant physical properties are:
- For air, ν = 1.15×10-5 m2/s and ρ = 1.15 kg/m3.
- For an air-vapour mixture, D = 2.6 x 10-5 m2/ s and Sc = 0.60
- The saturation density of water vapour is given in the table below.
T (oC) 22 27 32 37 42
ρv,SAT (kg/m3) 0.01928 0.02559 0.03360 0.04366 0.05801

a) Using the Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy, calculate the minimum temperature of the freestream if the time
needed to complete the drying process must not exceed 65 minutes.
b) Determine the time it will take to complete the drying process if the free stream velocity is increased to 25
m/s and the values of all other stream properties, including that of temperature, remain the same as in (a).
In mass transfer analysis:
- the rate of transfer of species 1 across a boundary is denoted by gw1,
- the coefficient of mass transfer hm is defined as hm = gw1/[ρ(C1W-C1∞)], with ρ the mixture density, C1W
the concentration of species 1 at the boundary and C1∞ the free stream concentration of species 1,
- hm is non-dimensionalised through the Sherwood number, 𝑆ℎ = ℎ𝑚 𝐿⁄𝐷 .
(10 Marks)

Q5\ The thermosyphon arrangement shown in Figure 3 below, is used to maintain the operating
temperature of an electronics system at safe levels. Eight integrated circuits, 3cm long and 2cm
wide, are immersed in dielectric saturated liquid, at a saturation temperature TSAT of 45℃, within a
rectangular enclosure. The heat generated by the circuits causes the boiling of the dielectric fluid.
The enclosure is thermally insulated. The vapour is condensed over a 3×3 matrix of horizontal
tubes, 8mm in diameter, maintained at a temperature TC of 25℃. Each circuit generates heat at a
rate of 30W.
a) Assuming conditions of nucleate boiling, calculate the surface temperature of the integrated
circuits (TI). [6 Marks]
b) Show that the regime at the surface of the circuits is nucleate boiling. For the purposes of this
analysis, the integrated circuits can be assumed to have the same maximum heat flux as an
infinitely large horizontal surface. [3 Marks]
c) Calculate the length of the 3×3 matrix of condenser tubes needed, for the thermal conditions to
remain steady. You may assume that the condensate films remain laminar. [6 Marks]
For the dielectric fluid at TSAT = 45℃, ρL = 1750 kg/m3, cP,L = 1100 J/kg, μL = 7.20 x 10 kg/s⸳m, kL
-4

= 0.062 W/m⸳K, PrL = 13, σ = 0.015 kg/s2, hfg = 1.15x105 J/kg, Cs,f =0.005 and n=1.6, ρv =1.453
kg/m3.
(20 Marks)
Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Adv. Heat Transfer II
and Scientific Research Year: Master_Degree
University of Kufa
Faculty of Engineering Time: Three Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiner: Dr Ahmed Alhusseny

Final Examination of the Second Semester (2022–2023)

Answer all questions

Figure 3

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