Alexandria Engineering Journal (2020) 59, 1881–1891

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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Mixed convection flow over an exponentially

stretching/shrinking vertical surface in a hybrid
nanofluid
Iskandar Waini a,b, Anuar Ishak b,*, Ioan Pop c

a
Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100
Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
b
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
c
Department of Mathematics, Babesß-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Received 23 March 2020; revised 28 April 2020; accepted 21 May 2020

Available online 4 June 2020

KEYWORDS Abstract The mixed convection flow and heat transfer over an exponentially stretching/shrinking
Mixed convection; vertical surface in a hybrid nanofluid is considered in this paper. Copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3)
Hybrid nanofluid; are employed as the hybrid nanoparticles while water as the base fluid. It is shown that the heat
Exponentially shrinking; transfer rate enhances in the presence of nanoparticles. However, the reduction in heat transfer rate
Dual solutions; is observed for the shrinking case, caused by the imposition of stronger suction at the boundary. It
Stability analysis is also found that the bifurcation of the solutions occurs for both stretching and shrinking regions as
well as for both buoyancy aiding and opposing flows. The temporal stability analysis shows that
only one of the solutions is stable and thus physically reliable as time evolves.
Ó 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction ing surface. Unlike the flows over a stretching surface, the
flows over a shrinking surface have become a topic of interest
The boundary layer flow caused by the stretching or shrinking only in recent years. The flow caused by the shrinking surface
surface is practiced in industrial engineering and manufactur- is fundamentally a reverse flow as pondered by Goldstein [2].
ing processes. To name a few, the polymer or metal extrusions, This type of flow is different from that of the stretching surface
wire drawing, and continuous glass casting are such processes owing to the existence of the vorticity inside the boundary
involving these kinds of surfaces. Historically, it seems that layer, which noted by Wang [3]. Thus, some other outside
Crane [1] is the first to examine the flow over a linearly stretch- force is required to overcome this situation, and only then
the steady flow is possible. In the work of Miklavčič and Wang
* Corresponding author. [4], they suggested that the flow can be preserved by the appli-
E-mail address: anuar_mi@ukm.edu.my (A. Ishak).
cation of suction at the boundary. Magyari and Keller [5]
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
investigated the flow over an exponentially stretching surface.
University. Similar study was then conducted by Elbashbeshy [6] by
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.05.030
1110-0168 Ó 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1882
Nomenclature
Cf skin friction coefficient
Cp specific heat at constant pressure (J kg
1 K
1 )
ðqCp Þ heat capacitance of the fluid (J K
1 m
3 )
fðgÞ dimensionless stream function
g acceleration due to gravity
Grx local Grashof number
k thermal conductivity of the fluid (W m
1 K
1 )
L reference length
Nux local Nusselt number
Pr Prandtl number
Rex local Reynolds number
S mass flux parameter
t time (s)
T fluid temperature (K)
Tw surface temperature (K)
T1 ambient temperature (K)
T0 reference temperature (K)
U0 reference velocity
u; v velocity component in the x- and y- directions
(m s
1 )
uw velocity of the sheet (m s
1 )
vw velocity of the mass flux (m s
1 )
x; y Cartesian coordinates (m)
considering the mass suction on the surface. He discovered
that the heat transfer rate increased with increasing of suction
strength. The boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an
exponentially shrinking sheet was studied by Bhattacharyya
[7]. He concluded that the steady flow is possible only when
the appropriate mass suction imposed on the shrinking sheet.
Ishak [8] studied the MHD flow due to an exponentially
shrinking sheet and found that the local heat transfer rate
decreased with increasing values of the magnetic parameter.
Other than that, the effect of mixed convection was considered
by Rohni et al. [9], and Lund et al. [10].
Convective heat transfer, often referred as convection, is a
process where the heat is transferred from one place to another
by the movement of fluids. The mechanism in which fluid
motion is generated by an external source is called forced con-
vection. On the other hand, natural or free convection is a
mechanism in which the fluid motion is generated by buoyancy
forces alone, that result from the density variations. Mixed
convection occurs when both natural convection and forced
convection mechanisms act together. The problem of mixed
convection flow has gained much attention from the research-
ers due to its importance in industrial devices such as electronic
devices, solar collectors, heat exchangers, and nuclear reactors.
In the past few years, the existence of dual solutions for mixed
convection flow become a topic of interest to many research-
ers. For instance, Merkin [11] studied the mixed convection
flow towards a vertical plate in a porous medium. He found
that the dual solutions are possible for certain values of the
mixed convection parameter where the stability of these solu-
tions was determined in Merkin [12]. Besides, the dual solu-
tions were obtained by Ingham [13] when he studied the
mixed convection flow over a moving vertical flat plate. Then,
I. Waini et al.
Greek symbols
c eigenvalue
e stretching/shrinking parameter
g similarity variable
h dimensionless temperature
k mixed convection parameter
l dynamic viscosity of the fluid (kg m
1 s
1 )
m kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2 s
1 )
q density of the fluid (kg m
3 )
s dimensionless time variable
u1 nanoparticle volume fractions for Al2O3 (alumina)
u2 nanoparticle volume fractions for Cu (copper)
w stream function
Subscripts
f base fluid
nf nanofluid
hnf hybrid nanofluid
n1 solid component for Al2O3 (alumina)
n2 solid component for Cu (copper)
Superscript
0
differentiation with respect tog
this work was extended to the stagnation flow problem by
Ramachandran et al. [14] and they found that the non-
uniqueness of the solution occurred in the opposing flow
region. Lok et al. [15] observed similar behaviour for the stag-
nation flow of a micropolar fluid. However, instead of the
opposing flow, Ishak et al. [16] found that dual solutions were
also possible for the assisting flow. Other than that, the study
on the dual solutions for the mixed convection flow has also
been considered by Harris et al. [17], Subhashini et al. [18],
Rosßca et al. [19], and Khashi’ie et al. [20,21].
The development of advanced heat transfer fluids received
considerable coverage from the researchers and scientists over
the last few years. Regular fluids (ethylene glycol, oil, water)
are commonly used in the industrial and engineering applica-
tions. However, the heat transfer rate of these fluids is limited
due to weak thermal conductivity. Therefore, to resolve its
deficiency, a single form of nanosized particles is applied to
the above-mentioned fluids and called as ‘nanofluid’. This term
was introduced by Choi and Eastman [22] for the first time in
1995. To name a few, the advantages of utilizing nanofluids
filled in a rectangular enclosure was examined by Khanafer
et al. [23] and Oztop and Abu-Nada [24]. Besides, the addi-
tional references on these topics can be found in the books
[25–28] and also in the review papers [29–31].
Hybrid nanofluid was developed to upgrade the thermal
properties of the regular nanofluid. It seems that Turcu et al.
[32] and Jana et al. [33] are among the earliest researchers
who considered the hybrid nano-composite particles in their
experimental studies. Hybrid nanofluid is an advanced fluid
that incorporates more than one nanoparticle which has the
capacity of raising the heat transfer rate because of the syner-
gistic effects [34]. Also, the desired heat transfer can be accom-
Mixed convection flow over an exponentially stretching/shrinking vertical surface 1883

plished by combining or hybridizing the suitable nanoparticles 2. Mathematical model

[35]. There are several review papers on hybrid nanofluids
available in the literature [36–39]. Suresh et al. [40] prepared The flow configuration of hybrid nanofluid over an exponen-
nanocrystalline Al2O3-Cu hybrid nanocomposite by the ther- tially stretching and shrinking surface is demonstrated in
mochemical method. In this method, a solution is prepared Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. Both heated plate ðTw ðxÞ > T1 Þ
by mixing copper nitrate CuðNO3 Þ2  3H2 O and aluminum and cooled plate ðTw ðxÞ < T1 Þ are considered. The surface
nitrate AlðNO3 Þ3  9H2 O with water. The proportions of these velocity is uw ðxÞ ¼ U0 ex=L ; where U0 is the reference velocity
precursor salts are chosen based on the proportions of alumina and L is the reference length. Besides, the surface temperature
and copper mixture in the nanocomposite. They stated that,
is Tw ðxÞ ¼ T1 þ T0 e2x=L where T0 is the reference temperature
although alumina has low thermal conductivity, there is a
and T1 is the constant ambient temperature. The shape of the
good chemical inertness in alumina that could maintain the
nanoparticle is spherical and its size is uniform, while the
stability of the hybrid nanofluid. Besides, the significance of
agglomeration is disregarded since the hybrid nanofluid is
the combination of alumina and other nanoparticles was
formed as a stable composite. After employing the usual
reported by Singh and Sarkar [41] and Farhana et al. [42]. In
boundary layer approximations, the governing equations of
this respect, the problem of boundary layer flow of Al2O3-
the hybrid nanofluid are given by (see Partha et al. [8]; Rohni
Cu hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface was conducted
et al. [9]; Waini et al. [50]):
by Devi and Devi [43] by using the new correlations of the
thermophysical properties that fit the results of Suresh et al. @u @v
þ ¼0 ð1Þ
[40]. In that studies, they discovered that the larger nanoparti- @x @y
cle volume fractions contributed to the enhancement of the
heat transfer rate. Over the past few years, the boundary layer @u @u lhnf @ 2 u ðqbÞhnf
flow past a stretching or shrinking surface in a hybrid nano- u þv ¼ þ ðT
T1 Þg ð2Þ
@x @y qhnf @y2 qhnf
fluid has been extensively investigated. The research in this
area was rapidly established due to its important applications
@T @T khnf @ 2 T
in the industrial processes, for example, in paper production, u þv ¼ ð3Þ
extraction of polymer, artificial fiber, and glass blowing. Hayat @x @y ðqCp Þhnf @y2
and Nadeem [44] studied the problem of hybrid nanofluid
subject to:
composed of Ag-CuO/water for the three-dimensional rotating
flow. In addition, the dual nature of the flow past a stretching v ¼ vw ; u ¼ euw ; T ¼ Tw at y¼0
and shrinking surface in a hybrid nanofluid with temporal sta-
bility analysis was reported by Waini et al. [45]. They discov- u ! 0; T ! T1 as y ! 1 ð4Þ
ered that one of the solutions was unstable as time evolved
and the other one was stable and physically reliable. After that, where u and v represent the velocity components along the x-
the problem of dual solutions of a hybrid nanofluid flow was and y- axes, while T, vw , and g represent the temperature, mass
extended to the different aspects as discussed by Waini et al. flux velocity, and the acceleration due to gravity. Besides, the
[46–50]. Additionally, the boundary layer flow of a hybrid stretching/shrinking parameter symbolized by e with e > 0
nanofluid with the effect of different physical parameters was and e < 0 are for the stretching and shrinking surfaces, respec-
also considered by several authors [51–57]. It is worth men- tively, while the static surface is denoted by e ¼ 0. Further,
tioning that the problem of a semi-circular cavity with hybrid ðqCp Þhnf ; khnf ; lhnf ; bhnf ; and qhnf characterize the heat capacity,
water-based nanofluid containing Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, thermal expansion
was reported by Chamkha et al. [58]. They found that the addi- coefficient, and density of the hybrid nanofluid, respectively,
tion of nanoparticles inside the cavity tended to enhance the where their thermophysical properties are given in Table 1.
heat transfer. Besides, Ghalambaz et al. [59] examined the con- Meanwhile, the physical properties of Cu, Al2O3, and water
jugate free convection inside a porous square cavity occupied are given in Table 2. Here, k; q; l; ðqCp Þ; b, and Cp represent
with Ag–MgO hybrid nanofluid. In their studies, the reduction
of the mean Nusselt number was observed with the addition of
Ag and MgO nanoparticles to water. Meanwhile, Sheremet
et al. [60] studied the Al2O3-SiO2/H2O hybrid nanofluid in a
porous chamber with a central heat-conducting body. They
concluded that the addition of nano-sized solid particles sup-
pressed the flow strength and thermal transference intensity.
Thus, this study aims to examine the mixed convection flow
over an exponentially stretching or shrinking vertical surface in
a hybrid nanofluid. Here, we consider water as the base fluid,
while copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) as the hybrid nanopar-
ticles. The results are obtained for several physical parameters
and presented graphically and through tables. Also, the com-
(a) heated plate (Tw ( x ) > T∞ ) (b) cooled plate (Tw ( x ) < T∞ )
parison results for limiting cases are done with previously pub-
lished data. Fig. 1 Physical model for stretching surface ðe > 0Þ.
1884 I. Waini et al.

Table 2 Thermophysical properties of nanoparticles and

water (see [24,48]).
Thermophysical Properties Al2O3 Cu water
 
q kg=m3 3970 8933 997.1
Cp ðJ=kgKÞ 765 385 4179
kðW=mKÞ 40 400 0.613
b  10
5 ð1=KÞ 0.85 1.67 21
Prandtl number, Pr 6.2

(a) heated plate (Tw ( x ) > T∞ ) (b) cooled plate (Tw ( x ) < T∞ )
subject to:
0
Fig. 2 Physical model for shrinking surface ðe < 0Þ. fð0Þ ¼ S; f ð0Þ ¼ e; hð0Þ ¼ 1
0

the thermal conductivity, density, dynamic viscosity, heat f ð1Þ ¼ 0; hð1Þ ¼ 0 ð10Þ
capacity, thermal expansion coefficient, and specific heat at Here S ¼ fð0Þ denotes the mass flux parameter where injec-
constant pressure, respectively. Meanwhile, the nanoparticle tion (blowing) and suction are indicated by S < 0 and S > 0,
volume fractions of Al2O3 and Cu are symbolized by u1 and respectively, while primes indicate the differentiation with
u2 , while their solid components are indicated by the sub- respect to g. In addition, Pr ¼ lf ðCp Þf =kf represents the
scripts n1 and n2, respectively. Also, the hybrid nanofluid, Prandtl number, and k ¼ gbf T0 L=U0 2 ¼ Grx =Re2x (=constant)
nanofluid, and fluid are indicated by the subscripts hnf; nf;
denotes the buoyancy or mixed convection parameter. Fur-
and f, respectively.
ther, Grx ¼ gbf T0 e2x=L L3 =mf 2 stands for the local Grashof num-
An appropriate transformation is introduced as follows (see
Ishak [8]; Rohni et al. [9]; Waini et al. [50]): ber and Rex ¼ U0 ex=L L=mf stands for the local Reynolds
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi number. Note that, the forced convection flow (non-buoyant
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi T
T1 U0 x=2L case) given by k ¼ 0. Meanwhile, k > 0 represents the upward
w ¼ 2U0 mf LfðgÞex=2L ; hðgÞ ¼ ; g¼y e
Tw
T1 2mf L buoyant force (assisting flow), and k < 0 represents the down-
ward buoyant force (opposing flow) which valid for the case of
ð5Þ
the stretching surface. However, for the case of the shrinking
where w denotes the stream function with u ¼ @w=@y and surface, these situations are opposite as displayed in Figs. 1
v ¼
@w=@x so that Eq. (1) is identically fulfilled. Employing and 2.
these definitions, we get: The skin friction coefficient Cf and the local Nusselt num-
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ber Nux are defined as:
0 U0 mf x=2L  0

   
u ¼ U0 ex=L f ðgÞ; v ¼
e fðgÞ þ gf ðgÞ ð6Þ lhnf @u khnf L @T
2L Cf ¼ ; Nux ¼
ð11Þ
qf u2w @y y¼0 kf ðTw
T1 Þ @y y¼0
so that:
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Inserting Eq. (5) into Eq. (11), one gets
U0 mf x=2L
vw ðxÞ ¼
e S ð7Þ lhnf 0 0 khnf 0
2L ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf ¼ f ð0Þ; ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux ¼
h ð0Þ ð12Þ
lf kf
Thus, Eqs. (2) and (3) become:
lhnf =lf 0 0 0 00 ðqbÞhnf =ðqbÞf
f þ ff
2f0 þ 2k
2
h¼0 ð8Þ 3. Stability analysis
qhnf =qf qhnf =qf

1 khnf =kf 00 0 0 The existence of non-unique solutions of Eqs. (8)–(10) is

    h þ fh
4f h ¼ 0 ð9Þ observed for a certain range of the physical parameters. A tem-
Pr qCp hnf = qCp f
poral stability analysis is therefore needed to determine which

Table 1 Thermophysical properties of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid (see [24,43,48]).

Thermophysical Properties Nanofluid Hybrid nanofluid

Density qnf ¼ ð1
u1 Þqf þ u1 qn1 qhnf ¼ ð1
u2 Þ ð1
u1 Þqf þ u1 qn1 þ u2 qn2

h   i
Heat capacity ðqCp Þnf ¼ ð1
u1 ÞðqCp Þf þ u1 ðqCp Þn1 ðqCp Þhnf ¼ ð1
u2 Þ ð1
u1 Þ qCp f þ u1 ðqCp Þn1 þ u2 ðqCp Þn2
l lf
Dynamic viscosity lnf ¼ ð1
uf Þ2:5 lhnf ¼ ð1
u 2:5
ð1
u2 Þ2:5
1 1Þ

Thermal conductivity
Thermal expansion coefficient
knf kn1 þ2kf
2u1 ðkf
kn1 Þ khnf kn2 þ2knf
2u2 ðknf
kn2 Þ
kf ¼ kn1 þ2kf þu1 ðkf
kn1 Þ knf ¼ kn2 þ2knf þu2 ðknf
kn2 Þ where
knf kn1 þ2kf
2u1 ðkf
kn1 Þ
kf ¼ kn1 þ2kf þu1 ðkf
kn1 Þ
h i
ðqbÞnf ¼ ð1
u1 ÞðqbÞf þ u1 ðqbÞn1 ðqbÞhnf ¼ ð1
u2 Þ ð1
u1 ÞðqbÞf þ u1 ðqbÞn1 þ u2 ðqbÞn2
Mixed convection flow over an exponentially stretching/shrinking vertical surface 1885

one of the solutions is stable as time evolves. This technique To examine the stability behaviour, the disturbance is
was initiated by Merkin [12] in 1986. A dimensionless time imposed on the steady solution f ¼ f0 ðgÞ and h ¼ h0 ðgÞ of
variable s was introduced by Weidman et al. [61] to further Eqs. (8)–(10) by using the following relations (see Weidman
study the temporal stability in their paper. They concluded et al. [61]):
that the upper branch (first) solutions are stable, while the fðg; sÞ ¼ f0 ðgÞ þ e
cs FðgÞ; hðg; sÞ ¼ h0 ðgÞ þ e
cs GðgÞ ð17Þ
lower branch (second) solutions are unstable. Following Wei-
dman et al. [61], the new variables based on Eq. (5) are given as where c indicates the unknown eigenvalue that determines the
follows: stability of the solutions, whereas FðgÞ and GðgÞ are small
compared to f0 ðgÞ and h0 ðgÞ. The disturbance is taken expo-
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi T
T1 nentially as it demonstrates a rapid decline or development
w¼ 2U0 mf Lfðg; sÞex=2L ; hðg; sÞ ¼ ;
Tw
T1 of the disturbance. By inserting Eq. (17) into Eqs. (14) and
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
(15), after linearization, one obtains
U0 x=2L U0 x=L
g¼y e ; s¼ te ð13Þ ðqbÞhnf =ðqbÞf
2mf L 2L lhnf =lf 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 0
F þ f0 F þ f0 F
4f0 F þ 2k G þ cF ¼ 0
qhnf =qf qhnf =qf
The unsteady form of Eqs. (1)–(3) are considered to analyse ð18Þ
the stability of their solutions in the long run. Using (13) and
following the similar approach as Section 2, one gets 1 khnf =kf 00 0 0 0 0
    G þ f0 G þ h0 F
4f0 G
4h0 F þ cG ¼ 0
 2 Pr qCp hnf = qCp f
lhnf =lf @ 3 f @2f @f ðqbÞhnf =ðqbÞf @2f
þ f
2 þ 2k h
ð19Þ
qhnf =qf @g3 @g2 @g qhnf =qf @g@s
  The boundary conditions (16) become
@f @ f 2
@f @ 2 f

2s
¼0 ð14Þ 0
@g @g@s @s @g2 Fð0Þ ¼ 0; F ð0Þ ¼ 0; Gð0Þ ¼ 0
0
1 khnf =kf @2h @h @f @h F ð1Þ ¼ 0; Gð1Þ ¼ 0 ð20Þ
    þf
4 h

Pr qCp hnf = qCp f @g2 @g @g @s Without loss of generality, the values of c from Eqs. (18)–
 
@f @h @f @h (20) are obtained for the case of F00 ð0Þ ¼ 1 as discussed by Har-

2s
¼0 ð15Þ
@g @s @s @g ris et al. [17].
subject to:
4. Results and discussion
@f @f
fð0; sÞ þ 2s ð0; sÞ ¼ S; ð0; sÞ ¼ e; hð0; sÞ ¼ 1
@s @g The boundary value problem solver, bvp4c, available in Mat-
lab software is utilized for solving the Eqs. (8)–(10), numeri-
@f
ð1; sÞ ¼ 0; hð1; sÞ ¼ 0 ð16Þ cally. As described in Shampine et al. [62], the aforesaid
@g solver is a finite difference method that employs the 3-stage

Table 3 Values of f00 ð0Þ and
h0 ð0Þ under different values of S when Pr ¼ 6:2; u1 ¼ u2 ¼ 0 (regular fluid), k ¼ 0 (non-buoyant case),
and e ¼ 1 (stretching surface).
S f00 ð0Þ
h0 ð0Þ
Magyari and Keller [5] Elbashbeshy [6] Present results Present results
0
1.281808
1.28181
1.28181 4.97911
0.2
1.37889
1.37889 5.65473
0.6
1.59824
1.59824 7.22487
1
1.84983 9.03715

Table 4 Values of f00 ð0Þ and
h0 ð0Þ under different values of Pr when S ¼ 5; u1 ¼ u2 ¼ 0 (regular fluid), k ¼
0:5 and e ¼
1
(shrinking surface).
Pr f00 ð0Þ
h0 ð0Þ
Lund et al. [10] Present results Lund et al. [10] Present results
1 4.449203 4.449204 4.447507 4.447507
1.6 4.540536 4.540536 7.334577 7.334578
2 4.570372 4.570373 9.284828 9.284829
2.4 4.590011 4.590011 11.247347 11.247348
6.2 4.648147 30.107416
1886 I. Waini et al.

1=2
1=2
Table 5 Values of ð2Rex Þ Cf and ðRex =2Þ Nux under different values of k and u2 for Cu/water ðu1 ¼ 0Þ and Al2O3-Cu/water
ðu1 ¼ 0:1Þ when Pr ¼ 6:2; S ¼ 0; and e ¼ 1 (stretching surface).
k u2 Cu/water ðu1 ¼ 0Þ Al2O3-Cu/waterðu1 ¼ 0:1Þ

1=2
ð2Rex Þ1=2
Cf ðRex =2Þ Nux ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux

1 0
1.587453 4.921983
1.986284 5.514729
0.02
1.726342 5.032664
2.133358 5.642844
0.04
1.865330 5.144825
2.282522 5.772345
0 0
1.281809 4.979107
1.666032 5.577035
0.02
1.415357 5.092192
1.806661 5.707901
0.04
1.548820 5.206720
1.949228 5.840119
1 0
0.987864 5.031040
1.357859 5.633659
0.02
1.116548 5.146141
1.492592 5.766829
0.04
1.244968 5.262642
1.629117 5.901308

Lobatto IIIa formula. The selection of the initial guess and the
boundary layer thickness g1 depends on the parameters
applied to obtain the required solutions. Moreover, several
researchers [63–66] are also employing this solver for solving
the boundary layer flow problems. As in Devi and Devi [43],
hybrid nanofluid is considered in the present study by taking
the mixture of Cu nanoparticles into 0.1 vol fraction of
Al2O3/water to form the required hybrid nanofluid. In this
model, initially the nanoparticle of Al2O3 ðu1 Þ is added to
the base fluid (water) with 0.1 vol solid volume fraction (i.e.,
u1 ¼ 0:1Þ and consequently Cu ðu2 Þ is added with various
solid volume fractions to form the hybrid nanofluid namely
Cu-Al2O3/water. There are several authors [51–55] who con-
sidered similar approach in their works, but with different
aspects and various types of nanoparticles.
To guarantee the precision of the computation, the present
results are validated with the existing data from the previous
studies. Table 3 provides the values of f00 ð0Þ and
h0 ð0Þ under
different values of S when Pr ¼ 6:2; u1 ¼ u2 ¼ 0 (regular
fluid), k ¼ 0 (non-buoyant case), and e ¼ 1 (stretching sur-
face). We found that the values of f00 ð0Þ decrease, whereas
the values of
h0 ð0Þ increase for larger values of S. Besides,
we compare the values of f00 ð0Þ with the results of Magyari
and Keller [5], and Elbashbeshy [6]. It can be seen that the
results compare well with the cited literatures. Other than that,
Table 4 presents the comparison values of f00 ð0Þ and
h0 ð0Þ
under different values of Pr when S ¼ 5; u1 ¼ u2 ¼ 0 (regular
fluid), k ¼
0:5 and e ¼
1 (shrinking surface) with the results
of Lund et al. [10]. An excellent agreement between those
results is observed where both physical quantities enhance with
the increasing values of Pr. Moreover, the values of the skin
friction coefficient ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf and the local Nusselt number
ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux under different values of k and u2 for Cu/wa-
ter ðu1 ¼ 0Þ and Al2O3-Cu/water ðu1 ¼ 0:1Þ when
Pr ¼ 6:2; S ¼ 0; and e ¼ 1 (stretching surface) are presented
in Table 5. Results show that the values of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf increase
with the rise of k, but decrease towards u2 . Besides, it is
observed that the values of ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux enhance with the
rising of k and u2 but it is intensified for hybrid nanofluid. This
observation proves that the addition of the hybrid nanoparti-
cles has the capacity of raising the heat transfer rate because of
the synergistic effects as discussed by Sarkar et al. [34].
The non-uniqueness of the solutions of Eqs. (8)–(10) is
observed for certain physical parameters as can be seen in
Figs. 2–9. The variations of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf and ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux

1=2
1=2
Fig. 3 Effect of u2 and S on ð2Rex Þ Cf . Fig. 4 Effect of u2 and S on ðRex =2Þ Nux .
Mixed convection flow over an exponentially stretching/shrinking vertical surface
1=2
Fig. 5 Effect of u2 and e on ð2Rex Þ Cf .
Fig. 6 Effect of u2 and e on ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux .
for the shrinking surface ðe ¼
1Þ when u1 ¼ 0:1, k ¼
1 and
Pr ¼ 6:2 with the effect of S and u2 are displayed in Figs. 3
and 4. We note that for u2 ¼ 0, the dual solutions exist for
Sc1  2:3022, while for u2 ¼ 0:02, Sc2  2:2415 and for
u2 ¼ 0:04, Sc3  2:1968. This implies that to obtain the solu-
tions for a shrinking surface, a satisfactory suction strength
is required which are in conformity with Bhattacharyya [7].
Moreover, the first solutions of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf demonstrate the
increasing behaviour, but it is opposite for the second solutions
with the increasing of u2 . Meanwhile, the values of
ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux decrease for both branch solutions. This indi-
cates that the reduction in the heat transfer rate is observed on
the shrinking surface caused by the imposition of stronger suc-
tion strength. Besides, for fixed values of u2 , it is observed that
the larger values of S have the tendency to increase the values
of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf and ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux for the first solutions. This
1887
1=2
Fig. 7 Effect of k and e on ð2Rex Þ Cf .
Fig. 8 Effect of k and e on ðRex =2Þ

1=2
Nux .
is consistent with the results obtained by Elbashbeshy [6]
which stated that the heat transfer rate increases for greater
suction strength.
The plots of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf and ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux against e for
different values of u2 when u1 ¼ 0:1; k ¼
1; S ¼ 2:5; and
Pr ¼ 6:2 are illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. Note
that, both branch solutions of ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux decrease with
the rise of u2 . Meanwhile, the second solutions of
ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf decrease, but dual behaviours are observed for
the first solutions of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf where these values increase
for the shrinking region ðe < 0Þ but decrease for the stretching
region ðe > 0Þ. Here, we note that the bifurcation of the solu-
tions occurs in the shrinking region ðe < 0Þ where
ec1 ¼
1:1888, ec2 ¼
1:2601, and ec3 ¼
1:3187 are the criti-
cal points for u2 ¼ 0; 0:02 and 0:04, respectively. From the
1888
Fig. 9 Effect of u2 and k on ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf .

1=2
Fig. 10 Effect of u2 and k on ðRex =2Þ Nux .
same figures, we can see that the values of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf are
higher for the shrinking region ðe < 0Þ compared to the
stretching region ðe > 0Þ on both branch solutions, but the
opposite trend applies to ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux .
The plots of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf and ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux against e for
different values of k when u1 ¼ 0:1; u2 ¼ 0:04; S ¼ 2:5; and
Pr ¼ 6:2 are illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively. It is
noticed that the first solutions of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf and
ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux increase with the rising values of k, but the
observation is reversed for the second solutions. Furthermore,
these figures show that dual solutions are possible for both
buoyancy assisting and opposing flows. Basically, the assisting
flow occurs if the buoyancy force and the surface velocity have
the same direction, whereas the opposing flow occurs if the
buoyancy force and the surface velocity have the opposite
I. Waini et al.
Fig. 11 Effect of u2 on f0 ðgÞ.
Fig. 12 Effect of u2 on hðgÞ.
direction to each other. Here, the assisting flow is for the case
e > 0; k > 0 and e < 0; k < 0, while the opposing flow is for the
case e > 0; k < 0 and e < 0; k > 0, see Figs. 1 and 2. Besides,
the domain of the dual solutions slightly increases for larger
k with the turning point ec ¼
1:3187;
1:3544;
1:3913
for k ¼
1; 0; 1, respectively.
In addition, Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate the variations of
ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf and ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux against k for different values
of u2 when u1 ¼ 0:1; S ¼ 2:5; and Pr ¼ 6:2 on the shrinking
surface ðe ¼
1Þ. The values of ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf increase but the
values of ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux decrease with the rising values of
u2 for the first solutions. Meanwhile, these physical quantities
enhance for the upward buoyant force region ðk > 0Þ. Physi-
cally, for the upward buoyant case, there is a favourable pres-
sure gradient that accelerates the flow and consequently
Mixed convection flow over an exponentially stretching/shrinking vertical surface
Fig. 13 Effect of k on f0 ðgÞ.
Fig. 14 Effect of k on hðgÞ.
enhances the skin friction and heat transfer coefficients com-
pared to the non-buoyant and the downward buoyant cases.
It is discovered that the boundary layer separation occurs in
the downward buoyant force region ðk < 0Þ where
kc ¼
9:0729;
10:5623;
11:2135 are the critical points
for u2 ¼ 0; 0:02; 0:04, respectively.
Some sample of the velocity f0 ðgÞ and temperature hðgÞ pro-
files for selected parameters are provided in Figs. 11–14. These
profiles asymptotically satisfy the free stream conditions (21),
thus supports the validity of the numerical results. The increas-
ing behaviour of the first solutions of f0 ðgÞ is observed, but its
second solutions decrease with the increasing of u2 and k as
shown in Figs. 11 and 13. Meanwhile, it is noticed that both
branch solutions of hðgÞ increase with u2 , but it decreases with
k as displayed in Figs. 12 and 14.
1889
Fig. 15 Plot of the smallest eigenvalues c against e for F00 ð0Þ ¼ 1.
The variations of the smallest eigenvalues c against e when
u1 ¼ 0:1; u2 ¼ 0:04; k ¼
1; S ¼ 2:5; and Pr ¼ 6:2 are por-
trayed in Fig. 15. As described in Eq. (17), the flow is stable
when there is an initial decay of disturbance as time passes.
This will happen for c > 0. Meanwhile, the flow is unstable
for c < 0 due to the initial growth of disturbance as time
evolves, i.e. e
cs ! 1 as c < 0 and s ! 1. From Fig. 15, it
is seen that the values of c are positive for the upper branch
solutions (first solutions), while it is negative for the lower
branch solutions (second solutions). Also, the values of c
approach to zero for both branches when e ! ec ¼
1:3187.
Thus, this finding confirms that the first solutions are stable
and physically reliable while the second solutions are not.
Besides, we also conclude that the bifurcation of the solutions
happens at the critical value e ¼ ec .
5. Conclusion
In the present study, the mixed convection flow over an expo-
nentially stretching/shrinking vertical surface in a hybrid nano-
fluid was considered. The results validation was done for
limiting cases where the present results were compared well
with the existing results. The numerical results revealed that
the added hybrid nanoparticles led to the increment of the heat
transfer rate at the stretching surface. It was found that dual
solutions are possible for a certain range of the physical
parameters. For the shrinking surface, a satisfactory suction
strength is required to obtain the similarity solutions. We
found that the heat transfer rate decelerated with the increas-
ing values of the nanoparticle volume fractions for copper,
u2 . Besides, it was discovered that the bifurcation of the solu-
tions occurred in the shrinking region ðe < 0Þ and in the down-
ward buoyant force region ðk < 0Þ. In addition, the first
solutions of the skin friction coefficient ð2Rex Þ1=2 Cf and the
local Nusselt number ðRex =2Þ
1=2 Nux increased with the rising
values of the buoyancy parameter k, but the observation is
reversed for the second solutions. The increasing behaviour
1890
of the first solutions of f0 ðgÞ was observed with the increasing
of u2 and k. Meanwhile, both branch solutions of hðgÞ
increased with u2 , but decreased with k. The temporal stability
analysis showed that only one of the two solutions is stable and
reliable, while the other is unstable in the long run.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their
constructive comments and suggestions which led to the
improvement of this paper. The financial supports received
from the Ministry of Education Malaysia (Project Code:
FRGS/1/2019/STG06/UKM/01/4) and the Universiti Tekni-
kal Malaysia Melaka are gratefully acknowledged.
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