MAE336 EXTRA CREDIT PROBLEM

1
2 MAE336 EXTRA CREDIT PROBLEM

1. Heat Transfer Mechanisms

The heat transfer mechanisms required to mathematically describe the thermal behavior
of the system are provided below.

Convection· External forced convection on a cylinder in crossflow for both the T.C.
and wires
Conduction· Conduction in the wires
Radiation · Radiation exchange between the T.C. and wires with the duct wall.
Table 1. Required Heat Transfer Mechanisms

2. 1st Law Analysis

2.1. Thermocouple Junction. The first law analysis is performed below for the T.C.
junction assuming that the Tt < Ta .
!

qcond,cu

qrad,net
qconv

qcond,ct

Figure 1. 1st Law analyses of T.C. junction

1st Law Analysis

Ein = Eout
qconv = qcond,cu + qcond,ct + qrad,net

Newton’s Law of Cooling

qconv = hc (πdt L)(Ta − Tt ) > 0
 MAE336 EXTRA CREDIT PROBLEM 3

Radiation heat transfer for a small convex object in large cavity (p. 793)
qrad,net = t σ(πdt L)(Tt4 − Tw4 )

The wires leaving the thermocouple can be modeled as fins using the relationships de-
veloped on page 144 case c. It must be assumed that TL = Tw and Tb = Tt .
cosh(mcu L) − θθbl
" #
qcond,cu = Mcu
sinh(mcu L)
cosh(mct L) − θθbl
" #
qcond,ct = Mct
sinh(mct L)

The h coefficient to be used within the fin analysis must be combination of both con-
vection and radiation. The radiation coefficient hr is defined in Eq. (1.8) such that;
hr = t σ(Tt + Tw )(Tt2 + Tw2 )
qrad,net = hr (πdt L)(Tt − Tw )
In order to make possible for hr to be added to hc , qrad,net must be multiplied by (Ta −
Tt )/(Ta − Tt ) such that;
00 (Tt − Ta )
qrad,net = hr (Tt − Tw )
(Tt − Ta )
0
A new variable hr can be defined such that:
0 (Tt − Tw )
hr = hr
(Tt − Ta )
0
This allows for the simplification of h so that h = hc + hr . The coefficients now can be
added because ∆T is identical for both cases.
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qcond,wall,cu qcond,ct

qrad,net

Copper Constantan qrad,net

qconv
qconv

qcond,cu qcond,wall,,ct

Figure 2. 1st Law analyses of copper and constantan wires.

2.2. Thermocouple Junction. 1st Law analyses Copper

Ein = Eout
qconv + qcond,cu = qcond,wall,cu + qrad,net

1st Law analyses Constantan

Ein = Eout
qconv + qcond,ct = qcond,wall,ct + qrad,net

The heat transfer mechanisms for qconv , qcond,ct , qcond,cu , and qrad,net are identical to the
mechanisms developed in Section 2. The conduction through the wall can be calculated
based upon the fin equations but is not required for the final solution.
 MAE336 EXTRA CREDIT PROBLEM 5

3. Solving for the Temperature

The 1st Law analysis about the thermocouple will be used to solve for the Tt . Each of
the following terms must be expressed in terms of Tt .
qconv = qcond,cu + qcond,ct + qrad,net

3.1. Calculation of hc . The N¯uD was calculated using equation 7.45 for a cylinder in
cross flow.
P r 1/4
 
N¯uD = CRemd P r n
P rs
V dt 5m/s.005m
Red t = = ⇒ 313
ν 80x10−6 m2 /s
C = 0.51
m = 0.5
n = 0.37
The Pr number must be calculated for air at the surface and far field temperatures.
Air∞ @773C → P r = 0.706
It can be assumed that the surface temperature is the average of the T.C. and wall. As-
suming a that the temperature of the T.C. is is the average of the wall and air temperatures
Ts is calculated to be.
Tt + Tw
Ts =
2
300C + 100C
Ts =
2
Ts = 200C → P rs = 0.684
The Reynolds number of the flow must be calculated.
V dt 5m/s.005m
Red t = = ⇒ 312.5
ν 80x10−6 m2 /s
Substituting P r, P rs , Re, and the constants into the Nu correlation results in the fol-
lowing.

P r 1/4
 
¯ m
N uD = CRed P r n
P rs
 1/4
¯ 0.5 0.37 0.706
N uD = 0.51 · 312.5 · 0.706
0.684
¯
∴ N uD = 7.98
6 MAE336 EXTRA CREDIT PROBLEM

The average convection coefficient hc can be calculated from the N¯uD .

hc D
N¯uD =
k
2
∴ hc = 89.376W/m K

Once again, the convection heat transfer from the thermocouple is:
qconv = hc (πdt L)(Ta − Tt )

3.2. Calculation of qcond . In order for qcond to be determined the total h must be cal-
0 0 t −Tw )
culated as h = hc + hr . From the earlier section it is known that hr = hr (T (Tt −Ta ) . The
following equations were entered into maple to solve for h. They are a function of the ther-
mocouple temperature and therefore had to be solve for simultaneously with the system of
equations.

hr = t σ(Tt + Tw )(Tt2 + Tw2 )

0 (Tt − Tw )
hr = hr
(Tt − Ta )
0
h = hc + hr
Separate equations must be used for the conduction in the copper and constantan. The
conduction leaving the control volume can be calculated as the conduction entering the
base of a fin. The wire is modeled as a fin with the base at the thermocouple and the tip
at the wall. From this we can define the necessary variables θL , θb , m and M . This must
be repeated for each of the wires.
θL = Tw − Ta
θb = Tt − Ta
hP 0.5
 
m=
kA
M = (hP kA)0.5
The heat transfer through conduction from the thermocouple is found by substituting
theses values into the heat transfer fin equation.
cosh(mcu L) − θθbl
" #
qcond,cu = Mcu
sinh(mcu L)
cosh(mct L) − θθbl
" #
qcond,ct = Mct
sinh(mct L)
 MAE336 EXTRA CREDIT PROBLEM 7

3.3. Calculation of qrad . All of the required parameters to solve for the radiation heat
transfer are known except the thermocouple temperature. The qrad equation can be entered
directly in to the solution.
qrad,net = t σ(πdt L)(Tt4 − Tw4 )
3.4. Numerical Solution. The 1st Law analyses was solved for Tt using the computer
program Maple. An example algorithm written for Maple is provided below.