WIND LOADING

WIND LOADING
Important factors to be considered
1. Strength and stability requirements
2. Fatigue in structural members and connections
3. Excessive lateral deflection causing cracks of partitions and
claddings
4. Frequency and amplitude of sway that can cause discomfort
of the occupant
5. Increase magnitude of wind velocities on neighboring
buildings
6. Effects on pedestrian
7. Acoustical disturbance
8. Resonance of buildings oscillations with the vibrations of
elevator hoist rope.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND
1. Variation with height and Terain
1500 ft
(457.5 m)

1200 ft
(366 m)

900 ft
(274.5 m)
700 ft VZ1/3.0
(213.5 m) VZ1/4.5
VZ1/7.0
VZ1/10.0

Terrain Exposure

Variation of wind velocity with height

CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND – cont’
2. Variation with time – gust dynamic nature
Velocity v

Time t
Variation of wind velocity with time

Gust
Velocity
Mean Mean
Velocity Velocity
CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND – cont’
3. Vortex shedding phenomenon

4. Probabilistic Approach of Codes

CASE OF MIT CENTRE
---- -
+ - +
M WIND + - +
-
WIND + - +
++
--
WIND
- ++
+ -- + -
++
- -- -
++ -
+
MIT Center
70 -80
80
70
90

Wind pressure -80 -70 -80

80
readings recorded
as isobars on MIT 95 -80
Center
WIND TUNNEL TEST
Ref: Taranath
Objectives: to study as precisely as possible the effect of
natural wind on building

1. Boundary layer vertical profiles and turbulence intensities

2. Intensity and duration of extreme winds
3. Influence of nearby structure; and effect of the propose
building on the behavior of existing building
4. Wind loading on tall building as related to:
a. Drag, vortex shedding and separation
b. Dynamic response
c. Loads on cladding and glass
WIND TUNNEL TEST – cont’

5. Near zone effects – stability of vehicles and

pedestrians
6. Motion tolerance – occupancy discomfort
7. Legal factors:
a. Buffeting of downstream structure
b. Missile damage caused by other
8. Moisture penetration
Measurement Techniques

(a)

Fig 2.16 (a) Rigid model of high-rise building

in wind tunnel (b) Closer view of pressure
models. (Photographs courtesy of Dr. Peter (a)
Irwin of Rowan, Williams, Davis & Irwin, Inc.
Example of Near Wind Effect
60 60 60 60

30
Example of results
30 70
60 of wind tunnel test
50 70
reported by the
wind engineer.
50

60
70 70
70 70
40
60
70 70
60
60
50 50

Block pressure Pressure contours,

diagram, in psf. in psf.
Near Wind Climate
A building significantly taller than its
surroundings can experience high wind
loads and concentrates stream level
winds
Adjacent building placement may
protect from high winds reducing wind
load and pedestrian level winds.
Entry promotes low winds at door
location
A building of similar height to its
surrounding may be protected from
large wind loads and concentrated
pedestrian winds.
Adjacent building placement may
deflect wind resulting higher wind loads
and pedestrian level winds.
Corner entry may accentuate wind
concentration at building corner.
A tall building concentrates wind at its
base.
Multi sided buildings may not permit full
development of local pressure frame to
and or pedestrian level wind.
A low pedestrian building concentrates
wind on the roof, not at the base.
Openings through a building at the
base may induce high velocities in the
opening
Circular buildings may reduce frame
loads and pedestrian level winds but
increase local cladded loads at the
points where the wind separates from
the building.
Setback all around the building may
induce or worsen wind concentration
depending upon S and H.
Rigid Aeroelastic Model with Gimbal
Model

Diaphragms

Wind tunnel floor

Gimbals
Springs Force transducers
Adjustable weight
Electromagnet