Recall previous definitions:

a R
b
I
V
dq
I defines current
dt
V
R  defines resistance, where V  Va  Vb
I
 V
R  is not Ohm's Law !!
I

I  Amps  does not obey

Ohm’s Law

obeys Ohm’s Law

V  volts 
 Resistors connected in series

R1 R2
a b
V1 V2
Req
a b
 R1 R2

V1  iR1 , V2  iR2
V  V1  V2
iReq  iR1  iR2
 Req  R1  R2
 Resistors connected in parallel

a R1 b
R2

a Req b
 R1

V V
i1  , i2  R2
R1 R2
i  i1  i2
V V V
 
Req R1 R2
1 1 1 R1 R2
   or Req 
Req R1 R2 R1  R2
 COMPARISON WITH CAPACITORS
C1

C1  C2

C2
C1 C2
C1C2
C1  C2

Defining Relation: Q  VC or C  Q/V

• Terms in science are usually very precise. But sometimes a word can
be misleading. But because it is in such common use, we learn to
tolerate it.
• Electromotive force is an example. It is because of EMF that current
goes around a circuit.
• Electromotive force is actually not force. It is the energy that every unit
of charge is given so that it can go around a closed circuit.
animate this please!

h
current
Device

 

source of EMF
 What Produces EMF?

• Chemical processes (battery)

• Changing magnetic fields (generator)
• Light (solar cells)
• Heat (thermoelectricity)
• Sound (piezoelectricity)
 KIRCHOFF’S LAW:
The sum of the potential differences
encountered in moving around a closed
circuit is zero
 a
b
 i
 i R
 i
d c
Va  iR    Va (a is any point)
iR    0
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
 a
i
i
 i R
i

Va    ir  iR  Va
  ir  iR  0
i

rR
 DISCHARGING A CAPACITOR

 

C i
R
q 1 dq di
 iR  0   R0
C C dt dt
t
di 1 
 i has solution: i  i0e RC
dt RC
REVIEW OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

2 3 4
x x x
e  1  x     
x

2! 3! 4!
From which it follows that,
2 3
d x 2 x 3x 4x
e  1      e x

dx 2! 3! 4!
d x x
Similarly, e  e
dx
Experiment with LED and capacitor
MULTILOOP
CIRCUITS
i1  i2  i3 i2
i1

i3
 1 2
a b e
i
R1 i1 R3 i3 R2 i2

d c f

i1  i3  i2
1  i1R1  i3 R3  0
i3 R3  i2 R2   2  0
 1  R2  R3    2 R3
i1 
R1 R2  R2 R3  R1 R3
1R3   2  R1  R3 
i2 
R1 R2  R2 R3  R1 R3
1 R2   2 R1
i3 
R1 R2  R2 R3  R1 R3
 a e
3 2 1
b

R3 i2 R1
i2 i1 i1
R2
d c f

R1  10, R2  30, R3  15

1  40V ,  2  60V ,  3  50V
 a e
3 2 1
b

i2
R3 i2 i1 R1 i1
R2
d c f

 2  1  i1R1   i1  i2  R2  0
 3   2   i1  i2  R2  i2 R3  0
Solution: i1  0.66 A, i2  0.22 A
i1  i2  0.44 A
  I
 R
 I

dW 1 joule
  1 volt 
dq coulomb
POWER DISSIPATED IN A RESISTOR

dW   dq   idt

 idt  i 2
Rdt ( because i
 )
R
dW
 Power  P  i R
2

dt
 Other forms of P  i R are:
2

2
V
P
R
P  IV
joule coulomb
UNITS :1 volt-ampere  1 
coulomb second
joule
1  1 watt
second
Insert chap28.avi
 j
A
vd
q   nAL  e L
L I I
t A
vd
V
q nALe
i   nAevd
t L / vd
i j
vd  
nAe ne
j  nevd
CURRENT DENSITY

i
j
A
 
i   j  dA
 dq
i
dt
constant current: q  i  t
else: q   idt