Hare – Hawes – Cutting Act

AUTHORS

So. Carolina Representative Missouri Senator New Mexico Senator

BUTLER BLACK HARE HARRY BARTOW HAWES BRONSON MURRAY
CUTTING
 enacted on January 17, 1933

 the first United States law that was passed setting a process & a date for the Philippines’
independence from the US

 promised Phil. independence after 10 yrs but reserved several military & naval bases for
the US and imposed quotas and tariffs on Phil. imports

 the result of the OsRox Mission (1931),

The OsRox Mission

 9th mission from the series of missions (1919-1933)

 campaign for self-gov’t
 US’ recognition of Phil.’s independence
 led by Senate Pres. Sergio Osmeña & House Speaker Manuel Roxas
 secured the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
 rejected by Philippine Legislature & Manuel Quezon
established the Phil. Commonwealth as a transition gov’t for 10 yrs. before receiving
independence on July 4, 1946

separated the Phil. Legislature into two “camps”, the Pros and the Antis

Osmeña and Roxas led the Pros, believed that it was the only way to get out of the US
Congress

Senate President Manuel Quezon led the Antis, objected the act due to its
“objectionable features” & believed that the act didn’t truly grant the Phil. independence

Former Senate President House Speaker Senate President

SERGIO OSMEÑA MANUEL ACUÑA MANUEL LUIS
 1932, two main groups supported the law

 Great Depression–era American farmers competing against tariff-free Filipino sugar

and coconut oil
 Filipinos seeking Philippine independence

 passed by US Congress in December 1932

 vetoed by US President Herbert Hoover
 January 17, 1933, congress overrode the vetoe
 Philippine Senate was required to ratify the law
 leaders such as Manuel L. Quezon opposed the bill
 Philippine Senate rejected the bill

 Reasons:
 The provisions affecting the trade relations between the US and the Philippines would seriously
imperil the economic, social and political institutions of the country and might defeat the
avowed purpose to secure independence for the Philippines at the end of the transition period.

 The immigration clause was objectionable and offensive to the Filipino people.

 The powers of the High Commisioner were too indefinite.

 The military, naval and other reservations provided for in the act were inconsistent with true
independence, violated dignity and were subject to misunderstanding
 Aftermath:

 November 1933, Quezon embarked on the last Independence Mission to the US — trying
to secure a better independence bill for the Phil.
 he was not as successful as Osmeña and Roxas
 the resulting mission was a near copy of Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, the Tydings-McDuffie
Act
Tydings-McDuffie Act
 AUTHORS

Maryland Senator Alabama Representative

MILLARD EVELYN JOHN MCDUFFIE
TYDINGS
 authored in the 73rd United States Congress by Senator Millard Tydings and Representative
John McDuffie
 it was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
 enacted on March 24, 1934
 a US federal law that established the process for the Philippines to become an independent
country (as a US’ colony) after a ten-year transition period
 the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines was written
 the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established
 established limitation to Filipino immigration to the US
 PROVISIONS:

 specified a procedural framework for the drafting of a constitution for the gov’t of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines within two years of its enactment

 specified a number of mandatory constitutional provisions, and required approval of the

constitution by the US President and by the Filipinos

 mandated US recognition of independence of the Philippine Islands as a separate and self

governing nation after a 10-year transition period

 (prior to independence) — allowed the US to maintain military forces in the Philippines

and call all military forces of the Philippine gov’t into US military service

 (2 years ff. independence) — empowered the US President to negotiate matters relating to US

naval reservations and fueling stations in the Philippine Islands
 IMMIGRATION

 before this act, Filipinos were classified as US nationals but not US citizens, while they were
allowed to migrate freely, they were denied naturalization rights within US, unless they were
citizens by birth in the mainland US

 the act reclassified all Filipinos (including those who are living in the US), as aliens for the
purposes of immigration to America

 established a quota of 50 immigrants per year

 the quota under the act was low while immigration continuedat levels much higher than the
quota
 due to the strength of agricultural lobbies, such as the Hawaiian sugar planters, which successfully
allowed more male Filipino agricultural workers to work there
 increased the Filipino population up to 25% of the agricultural workers in Hawaii
 led to the Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935

 extended the Asian- exclusion policy of the Immigrantion Act of 1924 to the soon to de former
territory

 hampered the domestic lives of many Filipinos within the US because any Filipino who wished to
go to the Philippines and then return to the US would be subject to the restrictions on Asian
immigration to America and would likely never be allowed to return again

 1946, US decreased the tight restrictions of Tydings-McDuffie Act with the Luce-Celler Act of
1946 which increased the quota of Filipino immigrants to 100 per year and give Filipinos the right
to become naturalized American citizens
 the end...
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