Elastic/Plastic Deformation

• A temporary shape change that is self-reversing

after the force is removed, so that the object returns
to its original shape, is called Elastic Deformation
• When a sufficient load is applied to a metal or other
structural material, it will cause the material to
change shape Plastic Deformation.
• When a sufficient load is applied to a metal or other
structural material, it will cause the material to
change shape. .
 Plastic deformation
• Plastic deformation results from
the movement of planes of
atoms as a result of applied
stress on the material.
Interatomic bonds are broken
and re-formed as atoms change
position
 Modes of deformation
• Slip

• Twinning
Plastic deformation
 SLIP
• Slip is the prominent mechanism of
plastic deformation in metals.

• It involves sliding of blocks of crystal

over one other along definite
crystallographic planes, called slip
planes.
•
Plastic deformation
 SLIP
• Dislocations move on a certain
crystallographic plane: SLIP PLANE
• Dislocations move in a certain
crystallographic direction: SLIP
DIRECTION
• THE COMBINATION OF SLIP
DIRECTION AND SLIP PLANE IS
CALLED A SLIP SYSTEM
 slip plane

Generally slip plane is the plane of

greatest atomic density, and the slip
direction is the close packed
direction within the slip plane
 The principle mode of plastic deformation

• Slip planes: preferred planes with greatest

interplanar distance, highest planar densities
• e.g., (111) in fcc crystals
• Slip directions: with lowest resistance, e.g.,
closed packed direction
• Slip lines: intersection of a slip plane with a
free surface
• Slip band: many parallel slip lines very closely
spaced together
 Slip systems

Crystal Slip plane Slip Total Active

system direction number of slip
slip systems
systems
fcc {111} <110> 12 5

hcp {0001} <2110> 3 2/3

bcc {110} <111> 48 2

{100}
 Twinning
• Common in hcp and bcc structures
• Limited deformation but help in
plastic deformation in hcp and bcc
crystals
• Occurs on specific twinning planes
and twinning directions
 Twining :
• • Portion of crystal takes up an orientation
that is related to the orientation of the rest of
the untwined lattice in a definite, symmetrical
way.
• • The twinned portion of the crystal is a mirror
image of the parent crystal. • The plane of
symmetry is called twinning plane
 Deformation by Twinning
c08f12

18
• .
 Deformation by Twinning

• In addition to slip (dislocation movement), plastic

deformation can occur by twinning.
• A shear force can produce atomic
displacements so that on one side of the plane
(the twin boundary), atoms are located in
mirror image positions to atoms on the other
side.
• Twinning may favorably reorient slip systems
to promote dislocation movement
 Twinning mechanism
• A part of the atomic lattice is
deformed so that is forms a mirror
image of the un-deformed lattice next
to it.
• Twinning plane: is the plane between
the un-deformed and deformed parts
of the metal lattice

21
 SLIP TWINNING

   
Homogeneous Localized

Common in FCC Common in HCP and

BCC

   
Occurs under static Occurs under shock
loading loading
 SLIP TWINNING

The atoms in one side of the atoms move

the slip plane all move distances proportional to
equal distances their distance from the
twinning plane
Slip Leaves a series of Twinning leaves small
steps (lines) but well defined
regions of the crystal
deformed
Normally slip results in Only small deformations
relatively large result for twinning
deformations
 SLIP TWINNING
Slip usually occurs in discrete  The movement of atoms are 
multiples of atomic spacing. much smaller in comparison 
to atomic spacing.
Slip occurs on relatively wide In twinning, every atomic plane
planes.Usually, the slip plane is isinvolved in the deformation in
the plane of greatest atomic   the twinned   region   of   the c
density,and the slip direction is th rystal.
e closest packed direction  For each crystal twin occurs in 
within the slip plane. a definite direction on a specifi
c 
crystallographic plane
SLIP TWINNING
here is very little Lattice orientation
change in lattice changes in the twinned
orientation. regions.

It requires lower shear It requires higher shear

stress. stress.

Slip takes place when the shearing  Resolved critical shear stress in 
stress on the slip plane in the slip  twinning almost has no role.
direction reaches a threshold value 
called the critical resolved 
shear stress.
 Slip in polycrystalline materials
• Consequently, individual grains are
constrained and are distorted in the
direction of the tensile stress (which
is not necessarily the most
energetically favorable slip direction)
• Therefore, polycrystalline materials
are much stronger than single crystals
 Glide of an edge dislocation
• Break one bond at a time, much easier than
breaking all the bonds along the slip plane
simultaneously, and thus lower yield stress.
 Dislocation multiplication
• Some dislocations form during the
process of crystallization.
• More dislocations are created during
plastic deformation.
• Frank-Read Sources: a dislocation
breeding mechanism.
 Work-hardening
• Dislocations interact and obstruct each other.
• Accounts for higher strength of cold rolled steels.


UTS

YU ×
Strain hardening
YL

f 
 Polycrystalline materials
• Different crystal orientations in different grains.
• Crystal structure is disturbed at grain boundaries.
 Annealing

Heating and holding a suitable

temperature followed by an
furnace cooling rate.
 Why anneal?
There are two main reasons for

annealing.

1. The first is to soften it and

Annealing
 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain
Growth
RECOVERY
RECRYSTALLIZATION
GRAIN GROWTH.

41
 Recovery
Annihilation reduces dislocation density.

• Scenario 1 extra half-plane

of atoms Dislocations
Results from annihilate
diffusion atoms
and form
diffuse
a perfect
to regions
atomic
of tension
extra half-plane plane.
of atoms
• Scenario 2

3. “Climbed” disl. can now tR

move on new slip plane
2. grey atoms leave by
4. opposite dislocations
vacancy diffusion
meet and annihilate
allowing disl. to “climb”
1. dislocation blocked; Obstacle dislocation
can’t move to the right

42
 Recrystallization
• New grains are formed that:
-- have a small dislocation density
-- are small
-- consume cold-worked grains.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm

33% cold New crystals

worked nucleate after
brass 3 sec. at 580C.

43
The re-crystallization
temperature is a function of :
Melting Point
Degree of Cold Work
Grain Size
Impurity present
Heating time
 º

TR = recrystallization
temperature

TR

º
46
 REFERENCES
https://www.slideshare.net/syedzabiullakhan/plastic-deformation-52728570

https://www.slideshare.net/umairbukhari3/dislocation-16092032?next_slideshow=1

Materials Science
1.www.kau.edu.sa/GetFile.aspx?id=178856&fn=Chapter%208.pptCached
2.Similar

https://www.slideshare.net/GopinathGuru3/slip-and-twiniin

www.eng.fsu.edu/~kalu/ema4225/lec_notes/Web%20Class_12_final.ppt