GL-4102 Manajemen dan

Keekonomian Mineral

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THE DECISION MAKING
PROCESS
It works when there are at least two choices
 CONTOH
A student was uncertain which of the five choices to choose for his
examination. He closed his eyes and pointed his finger to the examination
sheet. Upon opening his eyes, he saw that he was pointing to answer (d).
He then chose this answer.
 Rational decision making

1. Recognition of a problem (pengenalan masalah)

2. Definition of the goal or objective (definisi tujuan atau
objektif)
3. Assembly of relevant data (perakitan/pengumpulan data
yang relevan)
4. Identification of feasible alternatives (identifikasi alternatif
yang layak)
5. Selection of the criterion for judging which is the best
alternative (pemilihan kriteria untuk menentukan alternatif
terbaik)
 Rational decision making

6. Construction of the interrelationships between the

objectives, data, and the criterion (konstruksi hubungan
timbal balik antara tujuan, data, dan kriteria)
7. Prediction of the outcomes for each alternative (prediksi
hasil untuk setiap alternatif)
8. Choice of the best alternative to achieve the objective
(pilihan alternatif terbaik untuk mencapai tujuan)
 Rational decision making

1. Recognition of a problem (pengenalan masalah)

The starting point is recognition that a problem exists. Only

when a problem has been recognised can the work toward its
solution begin in a logical manner.

Titik awalnya adalah pengakuan bahwa ada masalah. Hanya

ketika suatu masalah telah dikenali maka upaya menuju
solusinya dapat dimulai secara logis.
An example:

• It was discovered that a number of species of ocean fish

contained substantial concentrations of mercury.
• The decision-making process began with this recognition
of a problem, and the rush was on to determine what
should be done.
• The fact, such a condition has been happening
since decades before.
• One we are aware
the problem, we can
take action to solve it
as best as we can.
 Rational decision making

2. Definition of the goal or objective (definisi tujuan atau

objektif)

A problem is a situation that prevents us from achieving

previously determined goals. (Masalah adalah situasi yang
menghalangi kita untuk mencapai tujuan yang ditentukan
sebelumnya).
 Rational decision making
2. Definition of the goal or objective (definisi tujuan atau
objektif)

Example: if a company objective is to operate profitably, then

problems are those occurrences which prevent the company
from achieving its previously defined profit objective
(Contoh: jika tujuan perusahaan adalah untuk beroperasi
secara menguntungkan, maka yang menjadi masalah adalah
kejadian yang dapat menghambat perusahaan untuk
mencapai tujuan laba yang ditetapkan sebelumnya).
An objective needs not be a grand. It may be quite narrow
and specific: “I want to pay off the loan on my car by May
next year.”

“The plant must produce 300 golf carts in the next two
weeks” (more limited objective).
 Thus, defining the objective is the act of exactly
describing the task or goal.

Jadi, mendefinisikan tujuan adalah tindakan yang

menggambarkan tugas atau sasaran dengan tepat.
Rational decision making
3. Assembly of relevant data (perakitan data yang
relevan)

A question like: “How many people in Indiana

would be interested in buying a pair of left-handed
scissors?”

Market research or other data gathering would be

required to obtain the desired information.

It may be a complex task to decide which data are

important and which data are not.
 Rational decision making
4. Identification of feasible alternatives (identifikasi alternatif
yang layak)

To identify alternatives. However, there is no way to ensure that

the best alternative is among the alternatives being considered 
then make a serious effort to suggest innovative solutions.

Untuk mengidentifikasi alternatif. Namun, tidak ada cara untuk

memastikan bahwa alternatif terbaik adalah di antara alternatif
yang dipertimbangkan  kemudian melakukan upaya serius
untuk menyarankan solusi inovatif.
 Rational decision making
4. Identification of feasible alternatives (identifikasi alternative
yang layak)

Sometimes a group of people

considering alternatives in an innovative
atmosphere—brainstorming—can be
helpful.

Terkadang sekelompok orang yang

mempertimbangkan alternatif dalam
suasana inovatif —curah pendapat—
dapat membantu.
 Rational decision making
5. Selection of the criterion for judging which is the best
alternative (pemilihan kriteria untuk menentukan alternatif
terbaik)

How is the choice made on some alternatives?

Create a criterion or criteria for judging which alternative is the
best.

Bagaimana pilihan dibuat pada beberapa alternatif? Buat kriteria

(tunggal atau jamak) untuk menilai alternatif yang terbaik.
Several possible criteria:

• Create the least disturbance to the ecology;

• Improve the distribution of wealth among people;
• Use money in ways that are economically efficient;
• Minimize the expenditure of money;

Beberapa kriteria yang mungkin:

• Ciptakan gangguan yang paling sedikit mengganggu ekologi;

• Meningkatkan distribusi kekayaan di antara orang-orang;
• Gunakan uang dengan cara yang efisien secara ekonomi;
• Minimalkan pengeluaran uang;
Several possible criteria:
• Ensure that the benefits to those who
gain from the decision are greater;
• Minimise the time to accomplish the
goal or objective;
• Minimise unemployment.

• Pastikan bahwa manfaat bagi mereka

yang mendapat manfaat dari
keputusan lebih besar;
• Minimalkan waktu untuk mencapai
tujuan atau sasaran;
• Minimalkan pengangguran.
 Rational decision making
6. Construction of the interrelationships between the objectives, data, and the
criterion (bangun hubungan timbal balik antara tujuan, data, dan kriteria)

At some point in the decision-making process,

the various elements must be brought together.
The objective, the relevant data, the feasible
alternatives, and the selection criterion must be
merged.

The relationships may be obscure and complex.

The construction is called model building or

construction the model.
 Rational decision making

7. Prediction of the outcomes for each alternative (prediksi hasil

untuk setiap alternatif)

A model is used to predict the outcome for each of the feasible

alternatives.

Example: Selecting a motorcycle, rather than a bicycle, may

make the fuel supplier happy, the neighbours unhappy, the
environment more polluted, and one’s savings account smaller.
 Rational decision making
8. Choice of the best alternative to achieve the objective (pilih
alternatif terbaik untuk mencapai tujuan)

When the seven prior elements of the rational decision-making

process have been completed, the final step is choosing the
best alternative.

If the other elements of decision-making have been done

carefully, we may select the alternative that best meets the
chosen criterion with some confidence in having found the
best solution to the particular problem.
The Decisions We Make Every
Moment
• What should I focus on?

• What does this mean?

• What should I do?

 Decision Management
• Concretize – Make it vivid (jadikan kenyataan)
Named the “Friendship Highway” by
the governments who built it. The
Karakoram Highway is the highest paved
international road in the world. It
connects China and Pakistan across the
Karakoram mountain range, through the
Khunjerab Pass, at an elevation of 4,693
meters. It’s prone to landslides and floods
and to make matters worse, the road is
unpaved in Pakistan. But it is still a tourist
attraction, passing through some
spectacular gorges along the old Silk Road
with amazing panoramic view.
 Decision Management
• Cut – Less is more
 Decision Management
• Categorize – More categorize, fewer choices