The Instructional Design Process

November 9, 2000
 Learning & Instruction

 Define learning
 Development of new KSA
 Permanent change in behavior
 Define instruction
 Arrangement of the environment (media-
presented information) to facilitate learning
 Instructional Need

 How do you know if you have one?

 Performance need is gap between existing
and desired behavior
 Instructional need is a performance need
that can be solved by instruction (rather
than changes in resources, personnel, etc.)
 Instructional design is...

 The systematic process of translating

principles of learning and instruction into
specifications for instructional materials
and activities -Smith & Ragan

 Producing a solution to an instructional

problem -Lockee
 What does a designer do?

The primary role of the designer is to:

 Decide what is important for students to

learn.
 Effectively arrange the learning
environment (media) to maximize the
probability of individual student learning
(permanent changes in behavior).
Instructional Design is based on..

 General Systems Theory

 A set of interrelated and acting parts that work
together toward a common goal
 Educational Psychology Theory
 From Behaviorism to Constructivism
 Communication Theory
 Sender, receiver, feedback
 Instructional Theory
 What are the advantages of ID?

 Focus on what learner will be able to do

as a result of the instruction
 Linkage between components
 Empirical and replicable process
 Produces consistent instruction
 Facilitates effective assessment methods
 Applicable across settings
 ID Process: Step by Step

 Needs analysis
 Determine instructional goal
 Analyze the instructional goal
 Necessary entry behaviors
 Step-by-step goal performance
 Analyze learners and contexts
 Prior knowledge
 Learning environment
 Application of skills and knowledge
 Components of Systems
Approach

 Write performance objectives

 Very specific and measureable
 Some include conditions
 Develop assessment instruments
 Emphasis on accurately measuring
behaviors
 Now rather than later...
 Components of Systems
Approach

 Develop instructional strategies

 Presentation of information
 Practice and feedback
 Testing
 Follow-up activities
 Develop instruction
 Creation of materials
 Deliverables which exemplify previous steps
 Components of Systems
Approach

 Conduct formative evaluation of instruction

 One-to-one prototype testing
 Small group evaluation
 Field testing
 Revise instruction
 Data from formative evaluation used to assess
whole process
 Conduct summative evaluation
 Or simply put...

 Design
 Develop
 Evaluate

 Sometimes called “Instructional

Development”
Basic ID Model
Dick & Carey, 1966
 ID Resources

Dick, W. & Carey, L. (1996). The systematic design of instruction

(4th ed.). New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.

Smith, P. & Ragan, T. (1999). Instructional design (2nd ed.).

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.
Gagne, R., Briggs, L., & Wager, W. (1992). Principles of
instructional design (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace
College Publishers.
Shambaugh, R., & Magliaro, S. (1997). Mastering the possibilities:
A process approach to instructional design. Allyn & Bacon:
Boston.