THE SELF FROM

VARIOUS
PERPECTIVES
 PHILOSOPHY
is often called the mother
of all disciplines simply
because all fields of
study began as
philosophical discourses.
 Know
thySELF
 Socrates
believed that the real self is
not the physical body, but
rather the psyche (or soul).
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 Plato
- The Psyche is composed of
three elements.

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 1. Appetitive element- includes
one’s desires, pleasures, physical
satisfactions, comfort, etc.
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2. Spirited element- is part of the
psyche that is excited when given
challenges, or fights back when
agitated, or fights for justice
when unjust practices are evident.
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3. Mind – most superior of all
elements.
- Plato refers as nous which
means the conscious
awareness of the self.
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 St. Augustine
-The development of the self is
achieved through self-realization
and self-presentation.
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- That the understanding
of the self was centered
to religious convictions
beliefs.

- Man’s end goal is

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 Rene Descartes
“ I THINK THEREFORE I
AM” OR “ I DOUBT
THEREFORE I AM”
“ human rationality” 11
 John Locke
“ self is comparable to an empty
space”. Experience therefore is
an important requirement to
eventually have a sense
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 David Hume
-There is no self
- All we know about
ourselves are just bundles of
temporary impressions.
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 Immanuel Kant
-The self is always
transcendental.
- Reason is the final authority of
morality. 14
 Sigmund Freud
-The self as a product of mulitple
intecating processes, systems and
schemes.
Topographical model.
Structural model. 15
 Gilbert Ryle
“ I act therefore i am”
“ You are what you do”

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 Paul and Patricia
Churchland
The physical brain gives us a
sense of self.
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Maurice Merleau-Ponty
The self is taken as a
phenomenon of the whole- a
Gestalt understanding of
perceptual synthesis
.

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