Chapter 9 :

unsymmetrical fault
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single line-to-ground, line-to-line, double line-to ground,
and balanced three-phase faults are types of
unsymmetric faults. The path of the fault current may
have either either zero impedance, which is called a
bolted short circuit, or nonzero impedance.

Other types of faults include one-conductor-open and

two-conductors-open, which can occur when conductors
break or when one or two phases of a circuit breaker by
mistake open.

When a balanced three-phase fault occurs in a balanced

three-phase system, there is only positive-sequence
fault current; the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence
networks are completely uncoupled.
• A three-phase power system is represented by its sequence networks.
The zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence networks of system
components—generators, motors, transformers, and transmission lines
can be used to construct system zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence
networks. We make the following assumptions:
1. The power system operates under balanced steady-state conditions
before the fault occurs. Thus the zero-, positive-, and negative sequence
networks are uncoupled before the fault occurs. During unsymmetrical
faults they are interconnected only at the fault location.

2. Prefault load current is neglected. Because of this, the positive

sequence internal voltages of all machines are equal to the prefault
voltage VF. Therefore, the prefault voltage at each bus in the positive-
sequence network equals VF.

3. Transformer winding resistances and shunt admittances are neglected.

4. Transmission-line series resistances and shunt
admittances are neglected.

5. Synchronous machine armature resistance,

saliency, and saturation are neglected.

6. All nonrotating impedance loads are neglected.

7. Induction motors are either neglected (especially

for motors rated 50 hp or less) or represented in the
same manner as synchronous machines.
EXAMPLE 9.1