PHOTOSYNTHESIS

LIGHT INDEPENDENT

GROUP 1
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

 PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the process by which green

plants and some other organisms use sunlight to
synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green
pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a
byproduct.
LIGHT INDEPENDENT/CALVIN CYCLE

 The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions, of

photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon
dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These
reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a
chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes.
PARTS INSIDE THE LEAVES
CHLOROPLAST

 The chloroplast, found only in algal and plant cells, is a cell organelle that
produces energy through photosynthesis. The word chloroplast comes from the
Greek words khloros, meaning “green”, and plastes, meaning “formed”. It has a
high concentration of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures light energy, and
this gives many plants and algae a green color. Like the mitochondrion, the
chloroplast is thought to have evolved from once free-living bacteria.
THYLAKOID

 A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment

inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent
reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid
membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently
form stacks of disks referred to as grana (singular: granum). Grana are
connected by intergranal or stromathylakoids, which join granum stacks
together as a single functional compartment.
STROMA

 Stroma commonly refers to the fluid filled inner space of chloroplasts surrounding
thylakoids and grana. Initially, the stroma was thought to simply provide support for
the pigmented thylakoids. However it is now known that the stroma contains starch,
chloroplast DNA and ribosomes, as well as all the enzymes required for light-
independent reactions of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle.
CALVIN CYCLE/LIGHT INDEPENDENT
CALVIN CYCLE/LIGHT INDEPENDENT

 The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions, of

photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon
dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These
reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a
chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes.
STEPS OF CALVIN CYCLE

CARBON FIXATION
REDUCTION
REGENERATION OF RuBP
CARBON FIXATION

 Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the conversion process

of inorganic carbon (carbondioxide) to organic compounds by
living organisms. The most prominent example is photosynthesis,
although chemosynthesis is another form of carbon fixation that
can take place in the absence of sunlight.
REDUCTION

 Reduction is chemical reaction that involves the gaining of

electrons by one of the atoms involved in the reaction.The
term refers to the element that accepts electrons, as the
oxidation state of the element that gains electrons is lowered.
REGENERATION OF RuBP

 One of the G3P molecules leaves the Calvin cycle to contribute to the
formation of the carbohydrate molecule, which is commonly glucose
(C6H12O6). Because the carbohydrate molecule has six carbon atoms, it
takes six turns of the Calvin cycle to make one carbohydrate molecule (one
for each carbon dioxide molecule fixed). The remaining G3P molecules
regenerate RuBP, which enables the system to prepare for the carbon-
fixation step. ATP is also used in the regeneration of RuBP.
CONCLUSION

 Photosynthesis is the process by which certain organisms produce their own carbohydrates, using
carbon dioxide, water, minerals, and solar energy.
 Organic material produced during photosynthesis is the source of food for most of Earth's organisms.
Photosynthesis also provides the oxygen in our atmosphere that we need for respiration.
 Photosynthesis in plants occurs in the chloroplasts. The solar energy used comes mostly from blue and
red wavelengths of visible sunlight and is absorbed by pigments in the chloroplasts. Microscopic
pores, called stomata, open and close to control the intake of carbon dioxide and the release of water
vapor and oxygen.
 Photosynthesis has two primary stages, the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent
reactions.