GLASS

What is Glass?
• Glass, an inorganic solid material that is usually transparent or translucent as well as hard, brittle, and impervious to the natural
elements.
• Glass has been made into practical and decorative objects for a long time and it is still very important in applications as
disparate as building construction, housewares and telecommunications.
• It is made by cooling molten ingredients such as silica sand with sufficient rapidity to prevent the formation of visible crystals.

Processing of Glass :-
1. Tempered Glass
2. Laminated Glass
3. Heat Strengthened Glass
4. Insulated Glass
5. Ceramic Printed Glass
6. Reflective Glass
 Manufacturing of Glass:-
1.Raw material feed: 2.Float bath: A continuous
Silica sand, soda ash, ribbon of molten glass
dolomite, limestone, floats along the surface of
sodium sulphate and molten tin. All irregularities
cullet are mixed together are melted out of the
to form the raw material ribbon, to give the glass a
batch. flat, parallel surface.
4.Furnace: The batch is 5.Annealing : The glass
fed into the furnace and is annealed and
melted at a temperature gradually cooled to
of around 1 500°C. around 200°C, to
relieve stresses in the
glass and prevent
splitting and breaking
in the cutting phase.
3.On-line cutting: The
ribbon moves to the
‘cold end’ of the line
where it is washed and
automatically cut, as it
travels along the
rollers.
6.Stacking and
offloading: Automatic
stackers offload the
glass sheets. The glass
is then warehoused for
distribution.
 Other
Composition of Glass
Calcium Oxide 7%
7%
Sulphur Trioxide
0%
Potassium Oxide
0%

Sodium Oxide
14%

Magnesium Oxide
2%
Alumina Silica
1% 67%
Iron Oxide
1%
Tempered Glass
• Tempered glass is made using special heated furnaces, which heat the annealed glass to a uniform temperature of approximately
700ºC. When the glass exits the furnace, it is rapidly cooled. This rapid cooling puts the glass surface into a state of compression
while the centre core remains in tension.
PROCESS :- The glass first goes through the furnace, carried in by rollers, where it is
heated using three modes - conduction, convection and radiation. The rollers conduct the
heat, while the coils help in the radiation of heat. The convection effect is brought about
by hot air blowing through the nozzles, thus circulating the heat inside the furnace and
making sure that the glass is heated evenly on all sides. This super heated glass then
undergoes a rapid cooling process by a uniform and simultaneous blast of air on both
surfaces.
CHARACTERISTICS :-
1. four to five times stronger than annealed glass of the same size and thickness
against impact.
2. higher thermal strength, and it can withstand high temperature changes up to
250°C
3. considered as safety glass. It is difficult to break and even in the event of a
breakage, disintegrates into small relatively harmless globules.
4. The glass surface after heat treatment has the same resistance to surface damage
as annealed glass
• Need of Temperd Glass :- Tempering increases tensile strength, thermal shock resistance, and safety of normal glass. It also
increases its heat withstanding capacity. Because of these properties, tempered glass is preferred in applications where strength,
safety and thermal resistance are important considerations.
• Applications :-
• Tempered glass is specifically designed for use in areas where there is a high risk of contact and breakage
• Tempered glass offers a wide variety of uses in industries including building, manufacturing, automotive, to name a few.
• can be used to raise the elemental beauty of exteriors and interiors by using it on facades, showroom shelves, dividers, shower
cabins, doors and the like.
• High resistance to thermal stress and small missile impact makes tempered glass an ideal choice for sloped glazing.
• The manufacturing industry uses tempered glass in ovens, refrigerators, fireplace screens, and shelves.
• In the motor vehicle industry, tempered glass is commonly used inside and rear windows
Laminated Glass :-Laminated glass, regard as “Safety glass”, consist of two or more panes of glass with one or more layers of
polyvinyl butyral (PVB) sandwiched between them and treated. The glass panes can be basic float glass or tempered or heat
strengthened panel. If the glass is broken fragments tend to adhere to the PVB interlayer thereby reducing the risk of injury from falling
glass and helping to resist further impact or weather damage. PVB membrane has good tenacity performance and when the laminated
glass breaks due to violent force, the PVB will absorb large amount of impact energy and disperse it rapidly. Therefore, it hard to break
the laminated glass and the shape of the glass may be maintained even if being broken. Furthermore, personnel inside and outside the
buildings will not be hurt by the glass fragment.

Process :- PVB laminated glass is manufactured by combining two or more

annealed or heat treated glass sheets bonded with one or more of PVB interlayers and
subjected to heat and pressure, in order to ensure perfect adhesion between the
constituent elements.
The lamination process comprises the following steps:
- Glass pre-processing
1. Cutting and grinding
2. Washing
3. Drying
4. Lamination
5. Edge sealing
6. Uploading
Features :-Laminated glass provides durability, high-performance and multi-functional benefits and
at the same time preserves the aesthetic appearance of glass. Laminated glass provides a solution to
many architectural design problems and offers increased protection from the effects of disasters such
as hurricane, earth quake and bomb blasts, if suitably designed.
1. Safety :- An important feature of laminated glass is its performance under impact. That is, the
interlayers in laminated glass have the capacity to absorb the energy of impact and resist
penetration. Safety hazards caused due to breakages are minimised with the use of laminated glass.
Although the glass may break, the glass fragments will adhere to the plastic interlayer, minimizing
the risk of injury and property damage.
2. Security :- laminated glass can resist the intrusion because it is virtually impossible to cut through
the thick PVB layers even if the glass gets broken. Contact an expert to design suitable laminated
glass for intrusion resistance.
3. Sound Control :- Laminated glass has proven to be an excellent barrier to noise. It has a higher
sound reduction index than monolithic glass of equal thickness between the frequencies of 125Hz
and 4,000Hz. The shear damping performance of the PVB makes laminated glass an effective
sound control product. This sound dampening is due to the low elastic property of the PVB
interlayer.
4. UV Control :-While natural light plays an important role in architectural design, Ultra Violet
(UV) rays in the sunlight can cause itching and fading of curtains/furniture. Laminated glass can
block over 99% of the UV rays while allowing most of the visible light through.
5. WEATHER AND DISASTER CONTROL :- Laminated glass helps provide protection from injury and
property damage caused by glass breaking because of natural disasters such as hurricane and
earthquake. In areas prone for natural disasters, an expert may be contacted to design the glass
combination. Similarly, it also provides protection from manmade disasters such as bomb blasts. It
does so by keeping the glass intact within the glass frame.
Heat Strengthened Glass
• HS glass - in which heats the glass to a uniform temperature of
approximately 650º C to 700 º C in an electrically heated
horizontal furnace. Ceramic rolls convey the glass through these
furnaces at speeds regulated to ensure temperature uniformity
Applications :-
and minimal optical distortions. The heat strengthened process
1. design professionals for vertical vision spandrel areas and for
parallels the traditional process of glass tempering, except that
laminated sloped glazing
the cooling cycle is less rapid. However, the heating temperature
2. It can be used for general glazing where additional strength
remains the same for both processes. The residual stress on the
or resistance to mechanical/thermal loads caused by certain
edge and the glass surface differ in both cases with tempered
tinted or coated glass
glass having a higher level of stress. Due to the relatively lower
3. he glass can also be used in high wind load areas, but cannot
rate of cooling during the strengthening process, heat
be used in any safety glazing applications.
strengthened glass develops less stress as compared to fully
tempered glass. The process increases the mechanical and
4. Heat-strengthened glass is widely used in laminated glass for
thermal strength of heat strengthened glass, making it twice as
additional strength, such as in overhead and sloped glazing.
tough as annealed glass.
• Heat strengthened glass is similar to tempered glass except that
the cooling is done at a much slower pace.
• Heat strengthened glass is about twice as strong as annealed
glass of the same size and thickness.
• The cooling process places the surfaces of the glass in a state of
high compression and the central core in a state of compensating
tension.
Characteristics :-
1. strengthened glass provides necessary resistance to
thermal stress associated with high performance
glazing materials such as tinted glass, reflective glass
and Low-E glass.
2. It also provides necessary resistance to heat building up
when using spandrels glass.
3. Heat-strengthened glass with its flatter surface also Breaking Pattern of Heat Strenghthened Glass
results in the facade having less optical distortions.
4. With the exception of strength and breakage
characteristic.
5. heat-strengthened glass retains the normal properties of
annealed glass including chemical resistance, hardness,
expansion and deflection
6. This glass is difficult to break compared to ordinary
annealed glass but unlike toughened safety glass it
breaks typically edge to edge and fragments.

Benefits :-
1. Heat-strengthened glass differs from tempered glass in surface compression; its mechanical strength is about 1.6-2 times that
of annealed glass
2. Heat strengthened glass is that it is far less susceptible to spontaneous breakage.

Insulated Glass :-
Process :- Insulating glass is a glazed unit
composed of two or more glass panes separated by
spacers filled with dehydrated air or gas. The
various machines used in the process of making
insulated glass are washing unit, drying unit, spacer
conveyor, butyl extruder, and pressing unit, which
is vertical. The insulated glass is constructed in the
following ways.
• A hollow aluminium spacer bar is bent into the
desired shape.
• Holes are drilled in the spacer bar, which is
filled with a desiccant such as silica gel or
zeolite that helps in absorbing water vapour.
• The drilled holes are sealed with a primary
sealant such as butyl. Primary sealant is also
applied to the sides of the spacer bar.
• Two glass panes are placed along the side of the
spacer bar and pressed with an automatic
presser.
• A secondary sealant such as polysulphide or
silicon is applied along the sides of the whole
unit. The insulating glass unit is ready.
Components :-
• Glass lites:- An IGU consists of at least two panes (or lites) of glass.
Though IG units typically use monolithic glass, other types of coated
and laminated glasses may be used depending on the application to
enhance the performance of the unit.
• Frame:- Frame, or the spacer bar, is the material used to separate the
two glass lites in an IGU. Usually made of aluminium and filled with
desiccant, it holds the unit together, provides thickness and
mechanical resistance, and plays a key role in ensuring optimum
performance of the unit.
Frames are of two types - ones joined with corner keys, and bent
frames. In the first type, the spacer material is cut to the specific size and
desiccant is filled. Then the four sides are assembled together using
corner keys. As the frame created in this process has four joints, the heat
loss is more. To address this, the frame or the spacer bar is bent at 90
degree angles and the frame is assembled with only one joint - this is
referred to as a bent frame.
• Desiccant :- Desiccants are used to remove any moister trapped
within the IG unit. The different types of desiccants are silica,
molecular sieve and zeolites. The desiccants need to have the
following characteristics to perform the function:
1. Absorption of water and hydrocarbons
2. Non absorption of krypton, argon or other "thermal performance"
gasesv
3. Should not contain pre-absorbed nitrogen
Components :-
• Sealant :- Sealants are very important in the manufacture of insulating glass. They
are easy to handle, efficient, safe and environment friendly. They are good
adhesives, elastic and durable. Their moisture vapour transmission rates are low
and have good cure profile. There are two types of sealants - primary and
secondary. Poly Iso Butylene, or Butyl, is the most common primary sealant
used. Silicone and Polysulfide are commonly used secondary sealants. The
primary sealant helps in fixing the insulating glass unit at the time of assembly.
Secondary sealants are structural adhesives, binding the glass panes in multi-pane
IG units (MIG) together. The sealant comprises of two components which are
mixed before application and applied by a robot or manually. Secondary sealant
protects the gas filled spaces from influences of moisture vapour penetration,
chemical attack from cleaning fluids and glazing products, and liquid water
penetration due to rain or condensation.
• Filling :- There are three different types of IG units based on the type of gas filled
between the glass lites. The most commonly used type is the regular IG unit with
no filling - it has dry air inside. The second type is the one with inert gas filling.
Inert gases such as argon, krypton, and xenon are used as a filling in this type
of IG unit. They are more efficient than dry air, but expensive. The third type of
IG unit is where vacuum exists between the glass lites.
The formula used to calculate the amount of gas to be filled into the IGU is given
here :-
1. Height (cm) x Length (cm) x ID (mm) x 0.001 = Number of Litres (x)
2. Number of Litres (X) x 1.5 = Number of litres of gas required per window
Features :-
1. Optical properties: the visible light transmittance of insulating
glazing systems is normally in the range of 7-80% and the visible
light reflectance is in the range of 13-48%;
2. Thermal Properties: the U value is effectively lowered by
insulating glazing and can be further reduced by filling of inert
gases;
3. Acoustical insulation: insulating glazing can reduce noise by
about 30dB and further reduction is obtainable by filling of inert
gases and using laminated glazing.
4. Condensation: the dew point of CSG insulating glazing systems
is below-65C which guarantees no condensation formation under
normal applications.
5. Sealing: aluminum spacer frame is automatically curved and
formed with only one joint and two seals are applied in insulating
glass production, which ensures excellent sealing characteristics Benefits :-
and long application life-time. 1. Energy Conservation
2. Perfect Transperncy
Application :- 3. Sound Insulation
1. Commercial/Residential Fixed and Operable windows 4. Reduced Infiltration
2. Curtain Walls 5. Reduced Condensation
3. Storefronts
4. Sloped/Overhead Glazing
5. Non-vision (Spandrel) Locations
 Applications :-
Ceramic Printed Glass :- 1. Glass doors
2. Partitions
• Ceramic Frit Glass - Ceramic frit is applied to the glass through a fine 3. Handrails
mesh screen with glass enamel before the glass is tempered or heat 4. Glass ceilings
strengthened. On tempering or heat strengthening, the glass enamel 5. Bathrooms
fuses into the glass surface and becomes a permanent coating which 6. Elevator walls
cannot be damaged or removed by cleaning or scrubbing etc 7. Curtain walls
Process :- Silk-screening involves washing the annealed glass and then
the ceramic frit paint is applied to the interior (non-weather) side of the
glass. Frit consists of tiny glass particles, pigments and various chemicals
for the curing. Ceramic frit is fired within a tempering furnace to create a
permanent coating. The glass is always either heat strengthened or fully
tempered to prevent glass breakage due to thermal stresses.
Characteristics :-
1. The coating is also not affected by moisture, oil, soaps, chemicals or
detergents and retains its original appearance throughout the life of the
glass.
2. Certain areas of application make it important to mask a part or whole
of glass for privacy or hiding the background or enhancing the look of a
product or for purely aesthetical reasons.
3. Light frit colors and certain pattern designs can cause enhanced
brightness when viewed from indoors under certain daylight and
background sky conditions, while dark frit colors will tend to reduce
glare
Reflective Glass :- Applications :-
• Exteriors :-
Reflective glass is essentially ordinary float glass with a metallic
1. shop fronts and commercial frontages
coating that cuts off solar heat. This special metallic coating also
2. where vision is important
provides a one-way mirror effect, preventing visibility from the
3. panoramic restaurants
outside and thus preserving privacy. Reflective glass is used
4. air traffic control towers
primarily for structural façade glazing.
5. petrol station windows
• There are two different ways of manufacturing reflective
• Interiors :-
glass –
1. high quality picture framing
1. Production Pyrolitic :-pyrolytic glass is a reflective glass that
2. display cabinets
has had a coating applied to it during float glass manufacture.
3. dividing screens in cinema projection rooms
The coating is fused to the glass at 1200o C. The best feature of
4. television studios
this product is its durability; it can be easily handled like a
5. machine control rooms
standard square of glass. It can also be easily cut, heat
strengthened or toughened. Pyrolytic glass is sometimes
referred to as “hard coat” reflective. Since it is processed
online, it works out to be cost-effective. 
2. Production Vaccum-Coating :-The manufacture of this type of
glass involves the deposition of metal particles on the glass
surface by a chain reaction in a vacuum vessel. It is often called
a “soft coat” because the coating is more susceptible to damage
than a hard coated glass when glazed in monolithic form.
Where toughening of the product is required, the product must
be first toughened and then vacuum coated. Cost-wise, this
glass is relatively expensive.
 Production :-
Patterned Glass :- 1. Patterned glass is made with a rolled glass process. All rolled patterned glass begins
• Patterned glass is not-perfectly-smooth as a batch of materials, including silica sand, soda, and lime.
structure with different patterns impressed 2. These materials are melted together in a tank, and then the molten glass mixture is
on it. The depth, size and shape of the fed onto a machine slab. The glass flows under a refractory gate which controls
patterns largely determine the magnitude glass volume and speed then moves between two counter-rotating, water-cooled
and direction of reflection.  rollers.
• patterned glass has a pattern impressed 3. One of these rollers is embossed, imprinting a distinct pattern onto the soft surface
on one side of the glass which prevents of the glass while the other roller is smooth.
someone from seeing though it, for 4. The result is a piece of glass that is patterned and textured on one side, while
privacy. smooth on the reverse.
• Heavy patterned glasses provide added 5. The distance between the two rollers determines the ultimate thickness of the glass.
strength and support. 6. After it moves between the rollers, patterned glass is annealed or cooled slowly in
• a fast-growing product category. order to remove any residual stresses.
• According to customers^ requirements, 7.  Rolled patterned glass can then be cut into standard sizes or cut into customized
patterned glass can be cut, ground, drilled, sizes for a specific customer application.
tempered, laminated , etc. Applications :-
1. shower doors
2. frameless shower doors interior partitions.
3. translucent door
4. oyers and vestibules
5. patio furniture
6. Shelving
7. lighting fixtures
8. decorative furniture
 Types of glass

Laminated Ceramic Heat

Insulated Reflective Tempered
Printed Strengthened

Self Cleaning
Bulletproof
Tiffany Spandrel Enamelled

Low Emission
Photovoltaic Annealed Hurricane
Body Tinted
Proof

Liquid Crystal
Electrochromic Bent

Electircaly
Heated Dichroic

Smart Glass
 General Rates Brands
• Saint-Gobain
• Office Partition Glass: Rs. 350 per sq. ft.
• Frameless Glass Partition: Rs. 225 per sq. • Dhanalaxmi
ft. • AIS
• Toughened Glass: Rs. 300 per sq. ft. • Hardwyn
• Railing Glass: Rs. 550 sq. ft.
• Extra Clear Glass: Rs. 145 sq. ft.
• Tempered Insulated Glass: Rs. 200 sq. ft.
Market
Survey