THE RESEARCH PROCESS PART 2

CHAPTER # 5

Theoretical framework & Hypothesis

development

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4.
4.Theoretical
Theoretical
Framework
Framework

5.5.Generation 6.6.
Generation
of Scientific
Scientific
of
Hypothesis Research
Research
Variables Hypothesis
Variablesclearly
clearly Design
Design
identified
identifiedand
and
labelled
labelled

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 Theoretical Framework

• The theoretical framework is the foundation on

which the entire research project is based. It is
logically developed, described, and elaborated
network of association among variables that have
been identified through such processes as
interviews, observations, and literature survey.
 Communication
Communicationamong
among
cockpit
cockpitmembers
members

Communication
Communicationbetween
between
ground
groundcontrol
controland
andcockpit
cockpit
Air-safety
Air-safety
Violations
Violations
Decentralisation
Decentralisation

Training
Trainingof
ofcockpit
cockpitcrew
crew

Independent variables Dependent variable

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 Variable

• A variable is anything that can take on differing or varying values.

• The values can differ at various times for the same object or
person,

• or the values can differ at the same time for different objects or
persons.

• Examples of variables i.e., exam scores,absenteeism ,

motivation ,income ,etc.
 Types Of Variables
•
The Dependent Variable

• The Independent Variable

• The Moderating Variable

• The intervening Variables

 Dependent Variable

• The dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the

researcher. The researcher’s goal is to explain or predict the
variability, in the dependent variable

• the sales of a new product introduced after market is not as high as

had expected (The dependent variable here is sales.)

• C = f(Y)

where C= Consumption & Y= Income

In this equation C is the dependent variable.

 Independent Variable

• An independent variable is one that influence the dependent

variable in either a positive or negative way

• with each unit of increase in the independent variable, there is

an increase or decrease in the dependent variable.

• C = f (Y)
here Y is the independent variable
 Exercise
• An applied researcher wants to increase the commitment of
organizational members in a particular bank.

• A marketing manager wonders why the recent advertisement

strategy does not work.

• A finance manager is interested in investigating the debt to equity

ratio of manufacturing companies in Kabul.

What would be the dependent variable here…

 EXERCISE
• List the variables in this exercise individually and label them as dependent or
independent. Diagram the relationship.

• Ex. A manager believes that good supervision and

training would increase the production level of the
workers.

Ex: Marketing manager believes that success of the

product effect price of the product.
What would be the independent variables.?
 Relationship between independent and dependent variable

New product success Stock market price

(independent variable (dependent variable)

 Moderating Variable
• The moderating variable is one that has strong
contingent effect on the independent variable
- dependent variables relationship. The
presence of a third variable (the moderating
variable) modifies the originally expected
relationship between the independent and
the dependent variables.
Relationship between independent, dependent and Moderating
variables

Workforce diversity Organizational

effectiveness
(independent variable) (dependent variable)

Managerial
expertise
(Moderating Variable)
 Intervening Variable

• An intervening variable is one that surfaces

between the time the independent variable start
operatating to influence the dependent variable
and the time their impact is felt on it.
 Relationship among the independent, dependent and intervening variables

Workforce Creative Organizational

diversity synergy effectiveness

Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable

Relationship between independent, intervening, moderating, and dependent variables

Workforce Creative Organizational

diversity synergy effectiveness

Managerial
expertise
• Controlled variables: Variable s that might affect
the cause effect relationship among IVs and DV
and hence need to be controlled for, Example
1. Age Might affect the
2. Educational levels relationship
3. Length of service in between job
organization characteristics and
job satisfaction
Uncontrolled Variables: variables of phenomena that occur
unexpectedly and can confound the results.

Example:

Purchasing
Purchasing
Advertising
Advertising

(IV) (DV)

Sudden
Sudden
unemployment
unemployment
1.1.Age
Age
2.2.Life
LifeStyle
Style
(Uncontrolled Variable)
Controlled Variables
 HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT

Once we have identified the important variables in a

situation and established the relationship among them
through logical reasoning in the theoretical framework,
we are now in a positions to test whether the
relationships that have been theorized do in fact, hold true.
Formulating such testable statements is called hypothesis
development.

.
 Definition of Hypothesis

A hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured

relationship between two or more variables expressed in the
form of a testable statement

Example: If the pilots are given adequate training to

handle midair crowded situations, air-safety
violations will be reduced.
Example: Training has no relationship with employee job performance.
 FORMATS OF WRITING HYPOTHESIS
Directional and Non-directional Hypotheses

• Directional : If terms such as greater than ,less

than ,positive ,negative and the like are used then
these hypothesis are called directional hypothesis
because the direction of relationship between
variables is indicated. E.G

Women are more motivated to work than men .

The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower

the job satisfaction of employees.
 Non-directional
If hypothesis is stated in such a way that it shows relationship but not stated whether
this relationship will be positive or negative is called Non-directional hypothesis.
E.G

There is relationship between age and job satisfaction.

There is difference between the work ethics values of American and

Asian employees.
 Types of Hypothesis
Null and Alternate Hypotheses
• The null hypothesis is a proposition that states a definite,
exact relationship between two variables. That is, it states
that the population correlation between two variables is
equal to zero (or some definite number).

• The alternative hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null,

is a statement expressing a relationship between two
variables or indicating difference between groups.
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THANK YOU