FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

1. Fundamental Concepts

1.1 Hydraulics

What is hydraulics?

Hydraulics studies the transmission of force and movement by means of a

liquid.
The word "hydraulics" originates from the Greek word ὑδραυλικός
(hydraulikos) which in turn originates from ὕδραυλος (hydraulos) meaning
water organ which in turn comes from ὕδωρ (hydor, Greek for water) and
αὐλός (aulos, meaning pipe).
1. Fundamental Concepts

1.2 Hydrodynamics
Study of the
mechanics of fluids in
motion.
Energy is
transmitted by the
impact of the fluid on
the blades.
1.3 Hydrostatics
Study of the mechanics of fluids at
rest.
Energy is transmitted by the fluid to all of
the recipients, and movement is
proportional to the effort made or the force
exerted.
1. Fundamental Concepts

1.4 Fluids
Fluids have the capacity to be moved through any shape no matter its form.
They often take the shape of the container they are in. Fluids are among the
most versatile forms of transmitting power and modifying movements.

 Liquids have a constant  Gases occupy all the

volume volume of the recipient which
holds them.
 A liquid is considered to be
 Gas is considered to be
non-compressible.
highly compressible.
1. Fundamental Concepts

1.5 Pressure
When force is applied to a surface, the result is
pressure.

Units of Measurement
Formula
Pascal
lb / in2
P=F/A
Kg / cm2
mm Hg
bar

Hydraulic science covers any mechanism which is set in

motion by any liquid and currently includes oils, which
are used in modern hydraulic systems.
1. Fundamental Concepts

IN A HYDRODYNAMIC IN A HYDROSTATIC
SYSTEM SYSTEM

 In a hydrodynamic  In a hydrostatic
system pressure
system pressure comes from
comes from force
the resistance to the flow. applied to a confined
liquid.
1. Fundamental Concepts

1.6 Principles of Hydraulics

1.6.1 Pascal's Principle
If a small force acting on a small area creates a proportionally
larger force on a larger area, then the only limit that a
machine can have on force is the size of the area where the
pressure is applied.
1. Fundamental Concepts

1.6 Principles of Hydraulics

1.6.2 Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be

conserved or changed from one form to another.
1. Fundamental Concepts

1.6 Principles of Hydraulics

1.6.3 FLOW RATE:
Flow rate is the term used to describe the volume of
liquid flowing through a pipe in a specific period of
time.
Flow is the action of a hydraulic system which causes
movement of the actuator.
1. Fundamental Concepts

1.6 Principles of Hydraulics

1.6.4 Principles of Continuity
The volume flow rate that passes through any section of
a closed system, in a given time, is constant.

The flow velocity increases as the area is reduced, that

is, velocity is inversely proportional to the area.