INTRODUCTION

TO
LOOPs

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 OUTLINE
What is a Loop?
Classification of Loops
Types of Loop Control Statements
The while loop
The do while loop
The for loop
Infinite Loops
Nested Loops
Programming Examples

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 Introduction to Loops
Loops allow program to execute a statement or group of statements
multiple times repeatedly until certain test condition is false.

That is, Loops are used in performing repetitive task in

programming.

Why Use Loops???

There may be a situation, when you need to execute a block of code
several number of times. Consider the scenarios:
 You want to execute some code/s 100 times…
It’s not wise to write the same code 100 times.
 You want to calculate the value of n!, for any value of n…
If n = 1000, it’s not elegant to write the code as 1*2*3*…
*1000.
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 Classification of Loops

Loops are broadly classified into two categories

ENTRY
EXIT CONTROL
CONTROL
LOOPS
LOOPS

The body of the loop is executed

The types of loop where the
without testing the condition for
test condition is tested before
the first time. Then the condition is
the execution of the loop.
tested.
If it is true, then the loop is
If the test condition is true,
executed again and continues till
then the loop gets the execution,
the result of the test condition is
otherwise not.
not false.
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 Types of Loop Control Statements
There are three types of loop control statements available in C

Exit Control
Loop

Entry Control
Loops

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 The while loop
A while loop is an entry control loop having the following
syntax:

Working Principle:

while (condition)  If the condition is true, the

statement/s is executed.
Body {
of  Then the condition is evaluated
Statements;
the again, and if it is still true, the
loop }
statement is executed again.
 The statement is executed
repeatedly until the condition
becomes false.

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 Logic of a while loop

Syntax: condition
evaluated
while (condition)
{
true false
Statements;
}
statement

Out of Body of Loop

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 An Example of while loop
count
int count = 1; 5
4
3
2
1
6
while (count <= 5)
{ Con
ditio
n ev
printf(“HELLO\n”); alua
ted
count++;
}
FALSE
TRUE

OUTPUT: The condition (count <=5) remains

HELLO TRUE for :
HELLO count=1 count =2 count =3
count =4 count = 5
HELLO
HELLO For count = 6….the condition
HELLO becomes FALSE
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 Another Example
Condition is TRUE for
count = 1, 2, 3, 4,5
int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
printf(“count=%d\t”,count);
count++;
}

OUTPU
T
1 2 3 4 5

Prints the value of count

until the condition becomes
false

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 Contd…
Condition is FALSE
from the first time.
int count = 10;
while (count <= 5)
{
printf(“HELLO\n”);
count++; NO
}
OUTPUT

• If the condition of a while loop is FALSE initially, the

statement is never executed.
• Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute zero times.

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 Contd…
Loop control variable is the
variable whose value
controls loop repetition

int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
In this
printf(“HELLO\n”);
example,
count++;
count is the
}
loop control
variable.
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 Program To Find Sum of Digits of A Number

main( ) Output :
{
Enter a number : 1452
int n, sum=0, rem;
Sum of digits = 12
printf(“Enter a number : ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
while(n>0)
Taking a number as input
{
rem = n%10;
sum = sum + rem; Checking thecondition:
n = n/10; True or False
}
printf(“Sum of digits =%d\n”, sum);
}
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 Lets see the working of the loop
Consider the input given as
n = 1452

Before loop starts rem=garbage value sum=0 n =1452

After 1st iteration rem=1452%10=2 sum=0+2=2 n =145

After 2nd iteration rem=145%10=5 sum=2+5=7 n =14

After 3rd iteration rem=14%10=4 sum=7+4=11 n =1

After 4th iteration rem=1%10=1 sum=11+1=12 n =0

For the 5th iteration as n = 0 now….the condition becomes FALSE and

we are out of the loop body
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 Infinite Loops

The body of a loop eventually must make the condition false and
terminate at a point.
If not, it is called an infinite loop, which will execute until the user
interrupts the program or until an underflow error occurs.
This is a common logical (semantic) error.

Example:
int count = 1; Here the condition is
while (count <= 25) always true so it is an
{ infinite loop.
printf(“%d\t”,count);
count = count - 1;
}
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 Some More Examples of Infinite Loops

while(1) while(100)
{ {
printf(“Good Morning\n”); printf(“Good Morning\n”);
} }

while(‘A’) while(-525)
{ {
printf(“Good Morning\n”); printf(“Good Morning\n”);
} }

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 Nested Loops

When the body of one loop contains another loop, then it is called a
Nested Loop.

Nested loops contain an outer loop with one or more inner loops.

Here for each iteration of the outer loop ,the inner loop iterates
completely.

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 Example Outer while
loop
count1 = 1;
while (count1 <= 10)
{ Inner while loop
count2 = 1;
while (count2 <= 20)
{ For each value of count1…
printf("Hello"); count2 will be executed 20 times.
count2++;
count1 has 10 values & count2
}
has 20 values, therefore Hello
count1++; will be printed 10 * 20 times.
}

How many times will the above code print “Hello”???

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 The do-while loop

A do-while loop is an exit control loop having the following

syntax:

Working Principle:
do
{  Initially, the statement/s is
executed once and then the
Body Statements; condition is checked.
of
} while
the  If the condition is true, the
loop (condition);
statement is executed again.
 The statement is executed
repeatedly until the condition
becomes false.

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 Logic of a do-while loop

Syntax:
statement
do
{
Statements; true
} while condition
(condition); evaluated

false

Out of Body of Loop

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 Example of do-while
int count = 0;
do{
count++;
printf(“count=
%d\t”,count);
}while (count < 5);

 The body of a do loop executes at least once

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Comparing while and do

The while Loop The do Loop

statement
condition
evaluated true

condition
true false
evaluated

statement
false

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The for Statement
 A for statement has the following syntax :
The initialization The statement is
is executed once executed until the
before the loop begins condition becomes false

for ( initialization ; condition ; increment )

{
statement;
}

The increment portion is executed at

the end of each iteration

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Logic of a for loop

initialization

condition
evaluated

true false

statement

increment
 The for Statement
 A for loop is functionally equivalent to the following while loop structure:

initialization;
while ( condition )
{
statement;
increment;
}
 The for Statement
 An example of a for loop:

for (count=1; count <= 5; count++)

{
printf(“count %d=“,count);
}

 Like a while loop, the condition of a for loop is tested prior to executing
the loop body
 Therefore, the body of a for loop will execute zero or more times
 An Example of the for Loop
Initialization Expression

Loop repetition condition

Update Expression

count_emp is set to 0 initially.

count_emp should not exceed the value of number_emp.
count_emp is increased by one after each iteration.
 break revisited

 Remember the break keyword that we used to stop a switch statement from
executing more than one statement?
 break can also be used to exit an infinite loop
 But it is almost always best to use a well-written while loop

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 Comparison of Prefix and Postfix Increments
The value of the expression (that uses the ++/--
operators) depends on the position of the operator.

The value The value of j

of j is is not
increased increased
THANK YOU