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Marine Plankton

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Noverita Dian Takarina
27 September 2019
Introduction
Plankton includes organisms that move around in the
ocean by tides and ocean currents, such as bacteria,
single celled algae, jellyfish, and copepods

Plankton can be grouped by how they eat, what size

they are, and their stages of life
 Grouping Plankton
• How they eat (ability of photosynthesis) :
phytoplankton, zooplankton

• Size : femto, pico, nano, micro, meso, macro, mega

• Stages of life : holoplankton, meroplankton

Phytoplankton :
• Single-celled algae that produce their own food by
photosynthesis.
• Occur over a wide range of sizes, from photosynthetic
bacteria (cyanobacteria) to large diatom chains and
dinoflagellates. These larger phytoplankton are visible as
small dots to the naked eye
• Zooplankton are heterotrophic animals that feed on
phytoplankton and other types of plankton.
• Range in size from protozoans like Paramecium , seen under
the microscope to the large Portuguese Man-of-War.
• Holoplankton : all life stages of this organism are
planktonic.

• Meroplankton : some life stages of this organism are

planktonic. This organism posses planktonic stage only
for certain time
Group of phytoplankton
There are some groups,

diatom dinoflagellata Green blue alga

cocolithoporid silicoflagellata
 Diatom
• Cell wall / outer part was made from silica dioxide.
This part is ornamented with small pores and specific
pattern according to each species. Thus, it is useful for
identification process

• Diatom can be one single cell or form a chain.

• Diatom use cell division for its reproduction.
• Outer part consist of epitheca and hipotheca.
• Each of them were divided and make pair of them. Since it
happens intracellular, it causes cell reduction.
• The process occurs until certain generation.
Navicula sp dan Skeletonema sp
 Dinoflagellata
• This group has pair of flagella for movement in water
• Outer part is made from cellulose material
• Always one single cell and rarely form chain
• Dinoflagellates reproduction is by cell division
without reduction of cell size
• Dinoflagellates have ability to produce toxin compound.
• If this organism reach high abundance (2-8 million
cells/liter), the compound may cause other organisms
including fish, die. This phenomenon called red tide
• Other dinoflagellate, eg Noctiluca can produce light
through bioluminensce. In high abundance, it make sea
brighter.
 Green Blue Alga, Cocolithophorid, Silicoflagellata

• Green blue alga (Cyanophyceae) is found in tropical aquatic. This

organism often perform solid philamentous ‘carpet’ and colour
the sea.
• Cocolithophorid (Cocolithophoridae, Haptophyceae) : outer part
is made of calcium carbonate. This organism is also found in
tropical seas
• Silicoflagellata (Dictyochaceae, Chrysophyceae ): outer part is
made of silica dioxide with addition of flagel. This organism can
be found at all oceans
 Zooplankton
• Zooplankton is animal-like character, diverse ranging
from various larva and plankton from almost all
animal phylum

• Ecologically there is one ‘important’ group as primary

herbivor, called copepod.
 Copepod
• Size: 1 to couples milimeter. Thorakal as foot for
movement. Antenna is used to slow drowning rate.
• How to eat: use ceta around the mouth to catch
phytoplankton or used appendices to catch them
directly.
• Protozoan – there two ordo known as plankton:
Foraminifera and Radiolara
• Foraminifera: monocelular, made of calcium carbonate;
Radiolaria: monocelular, made of silica dioxide
• When they die, their body will make globerina and
radiolaria layer
Foraminifera Radiolaria
Plankton develop three ways to float in aquatic
environment

• Over weight reduction

• Change surface resistance
• Use water movement
 Over weight reduction
changing the composition of body fluids so that its
density is lower than the density of sea water

• Using lighter ion eg. Noctiluca uses NH4Cl; salpha,

stenophora, heteropoda substitue SO4 to Cl
• Air vest like in jellyfish
• Other substance like lipid and oil eg. copepod
 Change surface resistance
• Small individu tend to sink slower than bigger one. Area is
higher with rank of two degrees linear, while volume is
three degrees one. This will increase the resistance related
to volume
• Plankton has small size

• Other is used certain body structure eg. flat or add some

ornament like thorns
 Water movement
• Seawater temperature difference in day and night
resulted in the seawater convection. This mechanism
can be exploited plankton to move
 Habitat in Sea
• Plankton are not found in every part of the ocean
• The surface layer of water, where there is enough light for
photosynthesis, is called the photic zone. This is where
the phytoplankton must live to get enough light to
photosynthesize their food
• Because zooplankton feed on phytoplankton, you would
expect to find them where the phytoplankton are most
abundant
 Escaping the Predator
• The most obvious adaptation is that plankton are small and
transparent, which greatly reduces their visibility in surface waters.
• In addition, because they have high rates of reproduction,
individuals are quickly replaced.
• Populations of single-celled organisms grow rapidly by individuals
dividing in two.
• Populations of multicellular organisms may also grow rapidly by
asexual reproduction (for example, cladocerans and tunicates).
Although individuals may be eaten, these populations may “escape”
predation by producing more new individuals than the number
that are eaten.
• Slower growing, sexually reproducing zooplankton can avoid
predation by vertical migration between the sunlit surface
and deeper, darker waters
• Many copepod species perform diel vertical migration, which
means that they eat phytoplankton in surface waters during
the night, but sink or swim to deeper water during the day to
avoid visual predators such as fish
• Diel vertical migration appears to be a flexible behavior that is
influenced by the presence or absence of fish and
invertebrate predators, but may also be influenced by feeding
habits and reproductive habits
 Primary productivity
• Formation rate of organic compound with rich energy
from inorganic compound.
• Bruto primary productivity = netto primary productivity
+ used productivity
• Stated in C/area or volume/time
 How to measure
• Since oxygen is the product and carbondioxide is the
raw material

• The method used glass bottle, one is black coloured

others not. For oxygen based, bottles is added with
certain oxygen. For carbondioxide based, it used C14
radioactive
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