OBJECTIVES:

 Find out physical quantities such as:

 Temperature
 Pressure
 Displacement
 force
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TRANSDUCERS
 Ruggedness
 Linearity
 Repeatability
 Accuracy
 High stability and reliability
 Speed of response
 Sensitivity
 Small size
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
ACTIVE TRANSDUCERS:

These transducers do not

need any external source
of power for their
operation.
Example:
• Photo voltaic
• Pizeo electric
• Chemical
Passive Transducers:

• These transducers need

external source of power
for their operation. So
they are not self
generating type
transducers.
Example:
•Resistive Transducer
•Inductive Transducer
•Capacitive Transducer
•Hall Effect type
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TRANSDUCERS:

• Some transducers contain the

mechanical as well as
electrical device.
• The mechanical device
converts the physical
quantity to be measured into
a mechanical signal. Such
mechanical device are called
as the primary transducers.
SECONDARY TRANSDUCERS

 The electrical device then convert this mechanical signal into a corresponding electrical
signal. Such electrical device are known as secondary transducers.
Example:
 Bourden’s tube
Case study

 Problem:
GEOTEKO were required to carry out a series of triaxial tests for one of its clients to assess
the samples susceptibility to liquefaction. The void ratio is one of the most important factors
that affect the liquefacion phenomenon, therefore the exact determination of this parameter is
very important for such tests. It is necessary to monitor the samples void ratio changes at each
stage of the test.
 Solution:

Using the standard triaxial

instrumentation, it was not possible to
monitor the geometry of the sample.
Therefore, void ratio changes at these
stages were not registered. GEOTEKO
decided to use Passive displacement
transducers that mount directly on a
sample in the triaxial cell.
These transducers can measure both
axial and radial displacements.
Passive Transducers were very light and
easy to handle.
Graph
References:

 “MEMS for Environmental and Bioterrorism Applications”. Southwestern Center for

Microsystem Education and BioLink. 2009.
 “An Overview of MEMS Inertial Sensing Technology.” Jonathan Bernstein.
CorningIntelliSense Corp. Feb 1, 2003. ModernMedicine.
 “Analysis of Electrostatic MEMS Squeeze Film Drop Ejector.” Edward P. Furlani. Eastern
 Kodak Research Laboratories. MEMS: From Micro Devices to Wireless Systems. Vol 7,
Special Issue, October 2009, pp. 78-87.
13

Temperature transducer
(thermocouple)
14 objective

 For measuring temperature

 Covert temperature into a voltage
15

Idustrial Instrumentation
16 Working Principle

Thermoelectric Effect (Seebeck Effect):

“When any conductor is subjected to a thermal gradient, it
will generate a voltage.
Working:
If two dissimilar metals are joined together so as to form a
closed circuit, there will be two junctions where they meet. If
one of these junctions is heated, a current flows in the circuit
which can be detected by a galvanometer”
17

Thermocouple Assembly
18  When the loop is broken and the voltage is
measured (Figure 1(b)), the measured
voltage is directly related to the temperature
difference between the two junctions.
 This phenomenon where a voltage is
produced because of the heating of the
junction of two metallic conductors is called
thermoelectric effect or Seebeck effect.
 The junction where heat is applied is called
the hot or measurement junction. The other
junction is called the cold junction or
reference junction, and the voltage
developed is called thermo-electromotive
force (emf).
19 Types of thermocouple

Nobel
Base metal
metal

K,J,
S,R
E
N,T K
Types of Thermocouple Cont..
21
22

Itation
 Case Study

 This case study is from cement industry where a

temperature sensor (thermocouple) is installed.
 Cement industry (Askari Cement Industry- Wah)
 Problem:
 Even very small clinkers fragments can cause serious
problems if they are too hot. They can damage the
conveyor belt and shut down the entire manufacturing
process. Single-spot pyrometers won’t detect these
small spots.
 Thus, a high resolution solution is required that can
detect a small hot spot with a rapid response.
 Solution:
 So the installed thermocouple to ensure the process
efficiency, product quality and prolonging the life of the kiln.
 Thermocouples are installed in three important points.
 The burning zone
 The kiln shell
 The clinker cooler
CASE STUDY
References:

 https://www.pyrocontrole.com/en/applications/cement-manufacturing
 https://www.pyrocontrole.com/en/applications-traitement-thermique/heat-treatment
Muhammad Mudassir
2017-CH-241
Sensors & Transducers
30 Objective:

• To understand the meaning of transducer

• To know classification of Transducers
 Convert pressure into the electrical signal

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

31 Working principle
Thermoelectric Effect (Seebeck Effect):
“When any conductor is subjected to a thermal gradient, it will generate a voltage.
Equation V=alpha(deltaT)
If two dissimilar metals are joined together so as to form a closed circuit, there will be two junctions
where they meet. If one of these junctions is heated, a current flows in the circuit which can be
detected by a galvanometer

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

32 Basic Requirements Of a Transducer (cont’d)

 Ruggedness. It should be capable of withstanding overload and some safety

arrangement should be provided for overload protection.
 Linearity. Its input-output characteristics should be linear and it should produce
these characteristics in symmetrical way.
 Repeatability. It should reproduce same output signal when the same input signal is
applied again and again under fixed environmental conditions e.g. temperature,
pressure, humidity etc.

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

33 Basic Requirements Of a Transducer
(cont’d)
 High Output Signal Quality. The quality of output signal should be good i.e. the ratio
of the signal to the noise should be high and the amplitude of the output signal
should be enough.
 High Reliability and Stability. It should give minimum error in measurement for
temperature variations, vibrations and other various changes in surroundings.
 Good Dynamic Response. Its output should be faithful to input when taken as a
function of time. The effect is analyzed as the frequency response.

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

34 Classification Of Transducers

 Pressure transducers
 Ultra transducers
 Piezoelectric transducers

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
ACTIVE
TRANSDUCERS:

These transducers do not need

any external source of power
for their operation.
Example:
• Photo voltaic
• Piezoelectric
• Chemical
Passive
Transducers:

• These transducers need

external source of power
for their operation. So they
are not self generating type
transducers.
Example:
•Resistive Transducer
•Inductive Transducer
•Capacitive Transducer
•Hall Effect type
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY
TRANSDUCERS:
• Some transducers contain the
mechanical as well as
electrical device.
• The mechanical device
converts the physical quantity
to be measured into a
mechanical signal. Such
mechanical device are called
as the primary transducers.
39 Construction:

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

40 Description/working:

 With Variable Capacitance:

 Sensor housing contains two closely spaced, parallel, electrically-isolated
metallic surfaces, one of which is a diaphragm capable of slight flexing
under applied pressure
 Diaphragm is constructed of low hysteresis material, or proprietary
compound of fused glass, conductor and ceramic
 Plates are mounted so that a slight mechanical flexing of the assembly,
caused by a change in applied pressure, alters gap between them; either
opening or closing gap

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

41 Different types pressure transducers:

 Thin Film Strain Gauge

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

42

 Capacitance Pressure Transducer

 A variable capacitance pressure transducer has a capacitive plate (diaphragm) and
another capacitive plate (Electrode) fixed to an unpressurized surface gapped a
certain distance from the diaphragm. A change in pressure will widen or narrow
the gap
 between the two plates which varies the capacitance (ΔC). This change in
capacitance is then converted into a usable signal for the user.

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

43

 Capacitance
 The capacitance changes as the diaphragm moves away or towards the sensing
electrode
 Thus, a gap increase equals a capacitance change. In an analog sensor the sensor
measures the change in capacitance (ΔC) and translates this into the relative
change in pressure (ΔP) based on full scale range of the unit.
 In a digital sensor the change in capacitance is directly proportional to a change in
frequency pulses that are proportional to that change in capacitance. This
advance allows for some improved sensor performance and improved immunity
to outside factors vs. earlier capacitance designs.

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

44 Advantages and disadvantages of pressure
transducer
 Advantages include:
 Suitability for absolute, gauge, sealed gage, vacuum, and differential sensing applications
 Ideal for lower-pressure applications
 Performs well in applications that are susceptible to over-pressurization
 Very good hysteresis, linearity, stability, and repeatability, in addition to static pressure
measurement capability
 Disadvantages include:
 If misused in an application can be sensitive to particulate and humidity in the capacitive
gap. This alters the di-electric area and can short out the capacitive gap if the humidity
condenses or the particulate is too large.

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

45 Selection Of Transducers(cont’d)

The points to be considered in determining a transducer suitable for a

specific measurement are as follows:
Range. The range of the transducer should be large enough to encompass all the
expected magnitudes of the measurand.
Sensitivity. The transducer should give a sufficient output signal per unit of
measured input in order to yield meaningful data.
Electrical Output Characteristics. The electrical characteristics-the output
impedance, the frequency response, and the response time of the transducer output
signal should be compatible with the recording device and the rest of the
measuring system equipment.

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

46 Case study:

 Our customer needed to ensure that the furnace was meeting the requirement for
high pressure and high temperature heat treatment of aerospace engine
components. It had to meet international standards to gain approval. The sensors
had to be produced to an acceptable budget and meet end-user calibration
schedules. Very high temperature platinum-based sensors may have been able to
be repeatedly used but they are inflexible and the initial cost would be very high.

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

47

 Solution:
 We provided an array of inexpensive single use mineral-insulated thermocouples, which had
been calibrated to international standards. These sensors, up to 30M long, are routed from the
load, through the furnace wall, to an instrument. We have to maintain standards in producing a
high caliber furnace measurement system in a critical thermal control environment to timescale
and budget. We were able to do this through careful sensor batch selection and supplier approval.
Also we have in industry scale
 2nd case study
 Fatima fertilizer Sheikhupura
 Ammonia reforming plant
 Problem: calculation error at high pressure at the ammonia reforming unit

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

48

 2nd case study

 Fatima fertilizer Sheikhupura
 Ammonia reforming plant
 Problem: calculation error at high pressure at the ammonia reforming unit.it
was nonetched after the product failure due to error in pressure measurement.
These measurement was wrong due to inappropriate sensing pressure device
 Solution:
as pressure transducer measure very low and also very high pressure. Therefore pressure
transducer is used in the reforming unit for accurate results

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

49 Ammonia plant reforming unit

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

50 References:

 https://slideplayer.com/slide/12220592/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer
 Todd Olin, Emerson Automation Solutions and Neil Larson, Emerson Automation
Solutions.
 Process Control Instrumentation Technology by Curtis D Johnson.

Sensors and Transducers 03/13/2021

Piezoelectric transducer..
2017-CH-219
52 Objective..

 Used for measuring non-electrical quantities.

vibration Acceleration pressure

Intensity of
Spark ignition
light
53 Piezoelectric transducer….
Introduction….
 Piezoelectric transducer convert the electrical
charges produced by some forms of solid material
into energy.
 The word piezoelectric literally means electricity
caused by pressure.
54 Working principle..
 Work with the principle of piezoelectricity.
 The force applied on the quartz crystal produced
electric charges on the crystal surface , the charge
produced can be called as piezoelectricity.
 55 Construction and working.

 Piezoelectric crystal inserted between the solid base and the force summing membrane.
 If a force is applied on the pressure
port the same force will fall on the force
summing membrane.

 Thus a potential difference will be generated

on the crystal due to its property . The voltage
produced will be proportional to the magnitude of applied force.
(material selected from Slide share)
56 Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages disadvantages

Good frequency response High temperature sensitivity

Small in size, easy to handle Used for dynamic measurement not for static
condition

Negligible phase shift Low output

Rugged construction Some crystal water soluble

57 Application:

 Used in inkjet printers

 Used in restaurant and airports for automatically door
opening/close.
 In the microphone, the sound pressure is converted into an
electrical signal and this signal is amplified to produce the a
louder sound.
 Used in medical diagnostics.
 Electrical4u.com
58 Case study..
Energy harvesting in pavement.
References:

 Https://circuitglobe.com/piezo-electric-transducer.html
 https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-a-piezoelectric-transducer-circuit-diagram-working-and
-applications
/