METABOLISME & ENERGITIKA

KARBOHIDRAT
 Metabolism

Catabolic reactions:

Complex molecules  Simple molecules + Energy

Anabolic reactions: Biosynthetic reactions

Simple molecules + Energy (in cell)  Complex molecules

 Biosynthetic pathways

• Anabolic and catabolic reactions need different energy.

• Anabolic and catabolic reactions take place in different locations.

Catabolic reactions Mitochondria

Anabolic reactions Cytoplasm

CARBOHYDRATE CATABOLISME
 Catabolism : Glycolysis
Glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvate.

An anaerobic reaction in cytoplasm.

10 Reactions
Glycolysis
 Glycolysis

Steps [1] – [5] energy investment phase:

2 ATP molecules are hydrolyzed.

The 6-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two 3-carbon segments.
 Glycolysis

Steps [6] – [10] energy-generating phase:

producing 1 NADH and 2 ATPs for each pyruvate formed.

 Glycolysis

Enzymes:
 Glycolysis

2 ATPs are used in phase one of glycolysis, and 4 ATPs are made in
phase two of glycolysis.

The net result is the synthesis of 2 ATPs from glycolysis.

The 2 NADHs formed are made in the cytoplasm and must be

transported to the mitochondria to join the electron transport chain
and make ATP.

Overall of glycolysis
 The fate of pyruvate

under aerobic under anaerobic in fermentation

conditions conditions by microorganisms
 Aerobic conditions

Pyruvate must diffuse across the outer and inner membrane of

mitochondria into the matrix.

The NADH formed needs O2 to return to NAD+, so without O2 no

additional pyruvate can be oxidized.
 Fermentation

Fermentation is the anaerobic conversion of glucose to

ethanol and CO2 by yeast and other microorganisms.
CARBOHYDRATE ANABOLISME
Anabolism : Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates

In plants

Photosynthesis
 Anabolism : Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates

In animals

When both glucose and stored glycogen are depleted, glucose

can be synthesis by gluconeogenesis

Intermediates of Glycolysis and Citric acid cycle are used to produce glucose.

Gluconeogenesis is not the exact reversal of glycolysis:

pyruvate to glucose does not occur by reversing the steps of glucose to pyruvate.
Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates

Only four enzymes are unique.

(compare to glycolysis)

ATP is produced in glycolysis

and used up in gluconeogenesis.
 Cori Cycle

Lactate from glycolysis in muscle is transported to the liver,

where gluconeogenesis converts it back to glucose.
 Gluconeogenesis

Glucose is the main source of energy for cells and the only source of
energy used by the brain.

Gluconeogenesis is a mechanism that ensures that the brain has

a supply of glucose when a diet is low in carbohydrates.
 Conversion of glucose to other Carbohydrates (in animals)

Conversion of glucose to other hexoses (isomers) and synthesis of

di- or polysaccharides.

Activation of glucose by Uridine Triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose.

(Similar to ATP)

CH2 OH O
H O H
H HN
OH H O O
HO O-P-O-P-OCH2 O N
- - O
H OH O O H H
H H
HO OH
Uridine diphosphate glucose
(UDP-glucose)
 Conversion of glucose to other Carbohydrates (in animals)

Glycogenesis: conversion of glucose to glycogen.

Exess glucose is stored in form of glycogen.

Enzyme -
Glucose 1-phosphate + UTP UDP-glucose + pyrophosphate
(Glucose)n + UDP-glucose (Glucose)n+ 1 + UDP

Glucose 1-phosphate + UTP + (Glucose)n

- -
(Glucose)n+ 1 + UDP + pyrophosphate

Same process to produce di- and polysaccharides.

BERAPA ATP YANG DIHASILKAN
DARI KATABOLISMA
KARBOHIDRAT??????
KREB’S CYCLE
(TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA)CYCLE,
CITRIC ACID CYCLE)
 Glycolysis in the cytosol
 Krebs in mitochondrial matrix
 Mitochondrion
 Outer membrane very permeable
 Space between membranes called intermembrane space (clever
huh!)
 Inner membrane (cristae)
 Permeable to pyruvate,
 Impermeable to fatty acids, NAD, etc
 Matrix is inside inner membrane

GEOGRAPHY
CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE TO
ACETYL COA
NAD+ NADH HSCoA CO2 O
O
O
H3C H3C SCoA
O
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex acetyl CoA

pyruvate

 2 per glucose (all of Kreb’s)

 Oxidative decarboxylation
 Makes NADH
 KREB’S CYCLE
acetyl CoA
H3C SCoA
C
O O
O
CoASH C
O O O H2O
O + CH2 O
C NADH C
NAD
C O
HO C C O
HC OH citrate synthase CH2
CH2
H2O CH2 malate C citrate
dehydrogenase
C O O
O O C O
O
fumarase O
C O oxaloacetate
C H malate
aconitase
H C fumarate

O
C
O Kreb's Cycle O O
FADH2 C
succinate
dehydrogenase HO CH O
HC C O
FAD alpha ketoglutarate CH2
O SCoA O C isocitrate
O NADH O O
C GTP NAD C
CoASH C NADH O O
CH2 CH2 C O CO2 NAD
CH2 GDP CH2
CH2 CoASH
C C CO2 CH2
succinyl CoA isocitrate dehydrogenase
O O synthetase O O alpha ketoglutarate C
succinate succinyl CoA
dehydrogenase
O
O
 NET FROM KREB’S

 Oxidative process
 3 NADH
 FADH2
 GTP
 X 2 per glucose
 6 NADH
 2 FADH2
 2 GTP
 All ultimately turned into ATP (oxidative
phosphorylation…later)
BERAPA ATP YANG DIHASILKAN
DARI OKSIDASI 1 MOL GLUKOSA ?

 38 ATP?
 36 ATP?
Oksidasi 1 ATP = 7,3 kkal
Oksidasi 1 mol glukosa = 686 kkal (energi potensial
teoritis)
 Efisiensi = 38 mol ATP/mol glukosa x 7,3 kkal/mol
ATP
= 277,4 kkal ( hanya ±40%)
 HASIL ATP RESPIRASI 1 MOL
GLUKOSA:

 Glikolisis : 2 ATP + 2 NADH

 Prep. Sebelum msk TCA : 2 NADH
 TCA : 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2
 Jk jlr msk NADH hsl glikolisis ke TCA lewat “malat
aspartat”, mk tetap sbg NADH sehingga ATP yg
dihasilkan = 2x3=6  tjd di hati, ginjal , jantung.
 Jk jlr msk NADH hsl glikolisis ke TCA lewat
“gliserol fosfat ”, mk msk sbg FADH2 sehingga ATP
yg dihasilkan = 2x2=4  tjd di otot rangka dan otak.
 TUGAS :
 Buatlah rangkuman tentang metabolism
karbohidrat pada salah satu biota laut
(kelas : hewan)berdasarkan teksbook atau
jurnal.
 Ditulis pada 2 lb kertas, diunggah di ruang
tugas kulon.
 Waktu : maks. 5 hari dari sekarang
TERIMA KASIH