Bab 3 MK

K3LL FTUI
Noise
Hazard
Misri Gozan
What is Noise? Sound Pressure

Properties of Sound Our hearing

covers a
There is more than one way to surprisingly
measure Amplitude (loudness) wide range of
sound
Sine wave
pressures. The
Wavelength
decibel (dB)
Amplitude

scale makes
Peak RMS the numbers
manageable.
Peak to Peak

Time
Apakah Bising menyebabkan
kehilangan pendengaran?
Health effects – Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)
Bagian Telinga
… Agar jelas apa yang kita harus lindungi …

normal hearing cells damaged hearing cells

… Agar jelas apa yang kita harus lindungi …

normal hearing cells damaged hearing cells

Pitch and Loudness Perception

The point at which the traveling wave peaks

corresponds to the frequency of the sound.
Source: http://www.ohlearning.com/about-ohta/purpose-and-principles.aspx
Statistics
• “last five years, the annual costs for noise induced hearing loss claims
for all sectors in Ontario exceeded $50 million per year,” (MOL 2014)
• the WSIB showed a steady increase in NIHL registered claims from
3653 claims in 2005 to 5416 claims in 2009 (WSIB, 2011)
• Masterson et al. (2013) found 18% of 1,122,722 worker audiograms
collected from the NIOSH OHL Surveillance Project met the NIOSH
criteria for NIHL
• Stekelenburg (1982) noted that: “… even if 80 dB(A) is taken as a time
weighted average limit … 10% of the exposed population will not be
protected against impaired social hearing caused by noise.” (page 408)
“Over a 45-year working life,
16% of construction workers developed COPD,
11% developed parenchymal radiological abnormality, and
73.8% developed hearing loss.”
 more than half (53.8%)
of these fishermen
have been diagnosed
with hearing
impairment.

Levin et al. 2016, Hearing Loss and Noise Exposure Among Commercial Fishermen in the Gulf Coast, J. Occup
Environ Med 2016 Mar;58(3):306-13 , p.309, viewed 26 February 2017

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26949882
Fatigue - incidents

http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307272/
COPD due to Noise
• Sleep and heart disease. People in noisy environments experience a subjective habituation to noise, but their cardiovascular system does not
habituate (Muzet 2002) and still experiences activations of the sympathetic nervous system and changes from deep sleep to a lighter stage of
sleep in response to noise. The body’s initial startle response to noise is activation of the sympathetic (fight or flight) part of the nervous
system, similar to the preparations the body makes just before waking in the morning. Although blood pressure normally drops during sleep,
people experiencing sleep fragmentation from noise have difficulty achieving a nadir for any length of time because blood pressure rises with
noise transients and heart rate increases with noise level (Haralabidis et al. 2008). Decreased quality and quantity of sleep elevates
cardiovascular strain, which manifests as increased blood pressure and disruptions in cardiovascular circadian rhythms (Sforza et al. 2004).
• Disordered sleep is associated with increased levels of stress hormones (Joo et al. 2012). Microarousals appear to be associated with
increased lipids and cortisol levels, and feed into the same pathway of disordered sleep, even priming the neuroendocrine stress response in
some individuals to be more at risk for disorders such as depression (Meerlo et al. 2008). Increased blood lipid, heart rate, blood pressure, and
stress levels from noise lead to atherosclerosis, which is causally related to heart disease (Hoffman et al. 2013).
• Stress. The effects of noise on conscious subjects are insidious and result at least in part from increased psychosocial stress and annoyance.
Annoyance from continuous sound appears to vary substantially by individual (Babisch et al. 2013; Stansfeld 1992), and there are a number of
factors that may influence annoyance (Babisch et al. 2012) and subsequent stress. Annoyance increases sympathetic tone, especially in noise-
sensitive individuals (Sandrock et al. 2009), and may be the non–sleep-mediated pathway that is present in individuals with high occupational
noise exposures who subsequently develop heart disease (Ha et al. 2011).
• Environmental noise is not only a health risk to people who report being annoyed by noise, but these individuals are also at risk for additional
health effects (Sandrock et al. 2009). Children in noisy environments have poor school performance, which leads to stress and misbehavior (
Lercher et al. 2002). They also have decreased learning, lower reading comprehension, and concentration deficits (Stansfeld et al. 2005).
COPD due to Noise
• leep and heart disease. People in noisy environments experience a subjective habituation to noise, but their cardiovascular system does not habituate (Muzet 2002) and still
experiences activations of the sympathetic nervous system and changes from deep sleep to a lighter stage of sleep in response to noise. The body’s initial startle response to noise is
activation of the sympathetic (fight or flight) part of the nervous system, similar to the preparations the body makes just before waking in the morning. Although blood pressure
normally drops during sleep, people experiencing sleep fragmentation from noise have difficulty achieving a nadir for any length of time because blood pressure rises with noise
transients and heart rate increases with noise level (Haralabidis et al. 2008). Decreased quality and quantity of sleep elevates cardiovascular strain, which manifests as increased
blood pressure and disruptions in cardiovascular circadian rhythms (Sforza et al. 2004).
• Disordered sleep is associated with increased levels of stress hormones (Joo et al. 2012). Microarousals appear to be associated with increased lipids and cortisol levels, and feed
into the same pathway of disordered sleep, even priming the neuroendocrine stress response in some individuals to be more at risk for disorders such as depression (Meerlo
et al. 2008). Increased blood lipid, heart rate, blood pressure, and stress levels from noise lead to atherosclerosis, which is causally related to heart disease (Hoffman et al. 2013).
• Stress. The effects of noise on conscious subjects are insidious and result at least in part from increased psychosocial stress and annoyance. Annoyance from continuous sound
appears to vary substantially by individual (Babisch et al. 2013; Stansfeld 1992), and there are a number of factors that may influence annoyance (Babisch et al. 2012) and
subsequent stress. Annoyance increases sympathetic tone, especially in noise-sensitive individuals (Sandrock et al. 2009), and may be the non–sleep-mediated pathway that is
present in individuals with high occupational noise exposures who subsequently develop heart disease (Ha et al. 2011).
• Environmental noise is not only a health risk to people who report being annoyed by noise, but these individuals are also at risk for additional health effects (Sandrock et al. 2009).
Children in noisy environments have poor school performance, which leads to stress and misbehavior (Lercher et al. 2002). They also have decreased learning, lower reading
comprehension, and concentration deficits (Stansfeld et al. 2005).
• NIHL. Long-term exposures to noise levels > 75 dBA (U.S. EPA 1974) can cause metabolic changes in sensory hair cells within the cochlea, eventually leading to their demise (
Heinrich et al. 2006) and increasing inability to perceive sound (e.g., NIHL). Neuronal destruction may also occur; in such cases, the ability to perceive sound may remain
undiminished, but the ability to understand the meaning of sound deteriorates (Lin 2012). Extreme exposures can cause direct mechanical damage (acoustic trauma) to cochlear hair
cells (Newby and Popelka 1992). Noise exposure is also associated with tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and hyperacusis. NIHL has traditionally been associated with occupational noise,
but there is increasing evidence that music may play an important role as well (Lewis et al. 2013).
• It is difficult to overstate the social cost of NIHL and its impact on quality of life. The additional effort required to process sound leads to fatigue, headaches, nervousness, depression,
and anger (Hetu et al. 1993). Functional limitations associated with a compromised ability to communicate restrict mobility, self-direction, self-care, work tolerance, and work skills
and increase isolation. Assistive technologies can aid some individuals, but in no way represent a cure.
• Children with NIHL suffer from decreased educational achievement and impaired social–emotional development, score significantly lower on basic skills, and exhibit behavioral
problems and lower self-esteem (Bess et al. 1998).
By Law
• employers take all measures reasonably necessary in the
circumstances to protect workers from exposure to hazardous sound
levels.
• protective measures against noise exposure include engineering
controls, work practices and personal protective equipment.
• assessment of noise levels shall be done without regard to any use of
personal protective equipment.
• every employer shall ensure that no worker is exposed to a sound
level greater than an equivalent sound exposure level of 85 dBA,
Lex,8.
Nilai Ambang Batas
• Nilai Ambang Batas kebisingan merupakan nilai yang mengatur
tentang tekanan bising rata-rata atau level kebisingan berdasarkan
durasi pajanan bising yang mewakili kondisi dimana hampir semua
pekerja terpajan bising berulang-ulang tanpa menimbulkan gangguan
pendengaran dan memahami pembicaraan normal.

PMK_No._70_ttg_Standar_Kesehatan_Lingkungan_Kerja_Industri_.pdf
Peraturan di USA
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Threshold Limit Values
• LAeq,8h of 85 dB(A)
• LC,peak of 140 dB(C)
• A-weighting is the most commonly used of a family of curves defined in the
International standard IEC 61672:2003 and various national standards relating to
the measurement of sound pressure level. A-weighting is applied to instrument-
measured sound levels in an effort to account for the relative loudness perceived
by the human ear, as the ear is less sensitive to low audio frequencies. It is
employed by arithmetically adding a table of values, listed by octave or third-
octave bands, to the measured sound pressure levels in dB. The resulting octave
band measurements are usually added (logarithmic method) to provide a single
A-weighted value describing the sound; the units are written as dB(A). Other
weighting sets of values – B, C, D and now Z – are discussed below.
• The curves were originally defined for use at different average sound levels, but
A-weighting, though originally intended only for the measurement of low-level
sounds (around 40 phon), is now commonly used for the measurement of 
environmental noise and industrial noise, as well as when assessing potential 
hearing damage and other noise health effects at all sound levels; indeed, the
use of A-frequency-weighting is now mandated for all these measurements,
because decades of field experience have shown a very good correlation with
occupational deafness in the frequency range of human speech. It is also used
when measuring low-level noise in audio equipment, especially in the United
States.[not verified in body] In Britain, Europe and many other parts of the world,
broadcasters and audio engineers[who?] more often use the 
ITU-R 468 noise weighting, which was developed in the 1960s based on research
by the BBC and other organizations. This research showed that our ears respond
differently to random noise, and the equal-loudness curves on which the A, B
and C weightings were based are really only valid for pure single tones.
What activity is
effective?

“In 2005, the Swedish Work Environment Authority inspected 1,721 workplaces in
two days. To evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign, a web-based
questionnaire was sent to inspected workplaces.
The same questionnaire was sent to matched controls, i.e. workplaces that were
not inspected but otherwise resembled, as far as possible, those that were
inspected.
On average, inspected workplaces had implemented 2.5 types of action against
noise after the campaign, whereas the controls had implemented only 0.8.
83%of the inspected workplaces reported that the activities of the Authority were
the reason for the actions they had taken against noise.
The study shows that the inspection campaign was highly successful in getting
organisations to introduce noise prevention measures.”
What gets measured gets noticed. What
gets noticed gets action!
Hazard communication

http://www.fosterohs.com/
Modern digital filtering has seen the capabilities of
Sound Level Meters (SLM) significantly enhanced while
prices have dropped.
 Prevention Opportunities

check on
Best Good Temporary effectiveness
of controls

source > path > exposure > target > disease

too late!!
“Buy Quiet”
• “To buy quiet in today’s market purchasers need a high level of
understanding of noise and noise control and must have a high
degree of determination to achieve noise control in their workplace.

• Purchasers who successfully buy quiet seek out quieter machines

and critically review the noise information supplied with them, http://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/buy-quiet/index.htm
which is often flawed.

• Such purchasers sometimes need to write, and check conformity

with, their own specification for noise.”

Brereton & Patel, “Buy Quiet as a Means of Reducing

Workplace Noise”, Acoust Aust DOI 10.1007/s40857-
016-0051-x, online Mar 29,2016

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/
 Think about pathways

Two different pathways:

1. Directly as noise transmitted through air

2. Structure borne mechanical vibration

Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/

Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/
Truck Cabin
Noise through windows,
noise through floor and
sides, noise through
connections, noise through
door and window seals

Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/

Loaded vinyl – sound blocking & absorption

Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/

Absorption

Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/

Damping material on floor covered with acoustical floor mat
Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/
Dump Truck Example
• Problem: Internal cab noise of 95
dB. Vehicles have long working
life
• Solution: Damping pads to
resonant surfaces, sound barrier
mat to floor and engine bulkhead,
line cab with absorptive foam
• Result: 11 dB reduction

Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/

 Ceiling mounts
• Isolate vibrating
surface from pipes
and components of
machinery from
connecting wall or
ceiling

• Correct selection
of isolators is very
important

Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/

Air turbulence – Control at source

Application of long radius bends to reduce air turbulence

in haul truck exhaust
Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/
Centrifugal fan installation

Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/

Axial fan installation

Courtesy Gary Foster http://www.fosterohs.com/

What’s the most common used solution
to noise concerns?
 effectiveness of hearing protectors

www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/96-110/personal.html
effectiveness of hearing protectors

13 dB
Whatever way you look at it, this
is not the permanent solution!