Introduction to Web

Technology
Unit 1
Introduction
 WWW
•  Affectionately called “The Web”
• It is a collection of information stored on the networked computers over the world.
• Individual document pages on the World Wide Web are called web pages and are
accessed with a software application running on the user's computer, commonly
called a web browser.
• Web pages may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia components, as
well as web navigation features consisting of hyperlinks.
• The WWW was proposed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN
 Internet and WWW
• Web or Internet, both are not the same things.
• The Internet is a collection of computers or networking devices connecting
together.
• Devices can communicate with each other.
• The Web is a collection of documents that are interconnected by hyper-links.
• These documents are accessed by web browsers and provided by web servers.
 Web Terminologies
Client : Any computer on the network that requests services from another computer on
the network.
Server : Any computer that receives requests from client computers, processes and
sends the output.
Web Page : Any page that is hosted on the Internet.
Web Site : Collection of interlinked web pages that is hosted on the Internet.
Web Development : The process of creating, modifying web pages.
Web Browser : A program that receives information from the web. E.g. IE, Chrome,
Mozilla etc
Web Application- Client Side and Server side

• Web development is all about communication and data exchange.

• This communication takes place via two parties over the HTTP protocol. 
• These parties are:

• Server : The Server is responsible for serving the web pages depending on
the client/end-user requirement. It can be either static or dynamic. 
• Client : A client is a party that requests pages from the server and displays
them to the end-user. In general a client program is a web browser. 
 Fetching Pages over the Internet
• Architecturally, the Internet consists of a collection of layers, each one providing
services for the one above it:

• The Internet Layer gets packets to their destinations; The Transport

Layer sends streams of data;
• The Application Layer provides high-level services to applications
such as Web browsers.
Fetching Pages over the Internet

Internet Protocol Layers

 SSL
• Secure Socket Layer is a internet protocol.
• Developed by Netscape Corporation in 1994.
• It provide security to the data that is transferred between web browser and server.
SSL encrypt the link between a web server and a browser which ensures that all
data passed between them remain private and free from attack.
• It provides :
• Authentication
• Confidentiality
 SSL
• Secure Socket Layer Protocols:
• SSL record protocol
• Handshake protocol
• Change-cipher spec protocol
• Alert protocol
• SSL Protocol Stack:
 Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
Without a universal addressing mechanism, it would be impossible to
navigate to a site, and page linking would not be feasible
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are used to identify Web pages —
basically a URL is a web address

URLs have 3 components:

A Prefix (usually http:// )
A Hostname: (such as www.cityu.edu.hk) A Path: (such
as /scm/index.htm)
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
Example:

http://www.cityu.edu.hk/scm/index.htm

Path
Identifies a file within a
hierarchical directory
Host name
structure on the server
Identifies a particular
computer somewhere on
Prefix the Internet

The transfer protocol

required to request data
from the server
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
Example:

http://www.cityu.edu.hk/scm/index.htm

Path
Identifies a file within a
hierarchical directory
Host name
structure on the server
Identifies a particular
computer somewhere on
Prefix the Internet

The transfer protocol

required to request data
from the server
 IP Addresses and DNS
• Every computer connected to the Internet must have a unique IP address, no
matter whether it’s a client or a server (or both)

• An IP address is just a number that identifies a host on the Internet.

Example:

• 212.171.218.34 or 144.214.5.218

• The Domain Name System (DNS) is a database that matches IP addresses to

host names
Domain Names

And the Domain Name System (DNS) translates host names

into IP addresses, which are then used by TCP to establish
connections between HTTP clients and servers.

Domain names are administered in such a way that they are

guaranteed to be unique.

Domain names are organised in a hierarchical structure….