Chapter 9

Section Views
 Contents

Introduction
Basic components
Kind of sections
Dimensioning
Introduction
 Necessity of a section view
Given

Orthographic
projection Orthographic
Section projection
principle
technique principle

Yes

Internal features
make a view
difficult to read
or dimension?

No

Finish
 Purposes
Clarify an internal feature.

Facilitate dimensioning.

Example

Regular
view

Section
view
Basic components
 Cutting plane
Cutting plane is an imaginary plane that cuts through the
object.
A section view is obtained by viewing the object after removed the
cover up part in the direction normal to the cutting plane.
Location and direction of a cutting plane depend on a hidden
feature that is needed to be revealed.

Example Cutting
plane

Section view

Basic Components
 Cutting plane line
In an orthographic view, a cutting plane is presented as a
“cutting plane line, CPL” and is drawn in either of an
adjacent view of the section view.
Direction 1 Direction 2 Direction 3
Given

CPL

Section
view

Section Section
CPL view view
 Cutting plane line : Line styles
The cutting plane line is presented by a chain line. (This course)
Begin and end the line with a short visible line.

Draw an arrow at about the mid-length of a short visible line, the

arrow head is pointed toward to this line in a viewing direction.
When the line changes its direction, draw a short visible line at
that corner.

Examples

1 3
Viewing
direction

Basic Components
 Class activity
Do you find something wrong in the following cutting plane lines?

1
Yes Right!
No Wrong!
(The arrow on the right side
should be pointed downward)

2
Yes Right!
No Wrong!
(The arrow head have to
touch the short visible line)

3
Yes Right!
No Wrong!
(Because the cutting plane line used
in this course is a chain line )
 Class activity
Change the following incorrect cutting plane line style to that previously
suggested.

1 2
 Section lining : Purpose
Section lines or cross-hatch lines are added to a section
view to indicate surface that are cut by a cutting plane.

Examples

Section view Section view

without section lines with section lines

Visible surfaces and edges behind the cutting plane are drawn in a section view.
 Section lining : Symbol
The section lines are different for each type of material.
Practically, the cast iron symbol is used most often for
any materials.

Examples

Cast iron, Steel Concrete

Malleable iron

Sand Wood
 Section lining : Recommended practice 1
The spacing between lines may vary from 1.5 mm for
small sectioned areas to 3 mm for large sectioned areas.

Examples
Poor practices

Too dense Too coarse

Uneven spacing Uneven orientation

 Section lining : Recommended practice 2
It should not run parallel or perpendicular to contour of
the view.
Poor practices
Examples
 Section lining : Special case
When the sectioned area is large, an outline sectioning
may be used to save time.

Example

Basic Components
 Class activity

Freehand sketch a section lines.

1 2
 Class activity
Which one is a good practice in section lining?

1 2
Kinds of section
 Kind of sections

1. Full section
2. Offset section

3. Half section

4. Broken-out section

5. Revolved section (aligned section)

6. Removed section (detailed section)

 A skill requirement

1. Ability in orthographic visualization

2. Understanding in a conventional practice

for each kind of sections.
(You will learn about them from now on.)
Conventional practice : Treatment of a hidden line
Hidden lines are usually omitted within the section lined area.

Example

Hidden lines
present.

Hidden lines
are omitted.
 Full section : Concept & example
A section view is made by passing the straight cutting
plane completely through the part.
Example
A closer look

Kinds of sections
 Offset section : Concept & example
A section view is made by passing the bended cutting
plane completely through the part.

Example

Edge views of
the cutting
plane
are omitted
Kinds of sections
 Half section : Concept & example
A section view is made by passing the cutting plane halfway
through an object and remove a quarter of it.

Example

Kinds of sections
 Half section : Conventional practice
A center line is used for separating the sectioned half from
the unsectioned half of the view.
Hidden line is omitted in unsectioned half of the view.

Kinds of sections
 Broken-out section : Concept & example
A section view is made by passing the cutting plane normal
to the viewing direction and removing the portion of an
object in front of it.
Example

Conventional practices
The sectioned and unsectioned
portions are separated by
a break line.
Break line is freehand drawn
as a thin continuous line (4H).
Cutting plane line is not
necessary.

Kinds of sections
 Revolved section : Concept & example
A section view is made by revolving the cross-section view
90o about a cutting plane line and drawn on the orthographic
view.
Example
a

b
 Revolved section :
Placement of a cross-section view

1. Superimposed to orthographic view.

2. Break from orthographic view.

Break Superimposed
Revolved section : Additional example

Kinds of sections
 Removed section : Concept
6. Removed section
Removed section is created with the same concept
as a revolved section. But, the cross-section view
is shown outside the view.
 Removed section
Example : Revolved vs. removed sections. :
Comparison with a revolved section

Revolved section Removed section

 Removed section
Example : Situation that removed section is preferred.
: Advantage

Removed section technique can improve a reading of

the orthographic view.

Example

Revolved
section
Removed
section
 Removed section :
Alternative placement of a view

A single or multiple removed (cross) section view(s) can be

arranged without aligning with the cutting plane line, but it
have to be labeled name of the cutting plane line.

Example

A B

B
Section A–A Section B–B
A
Kinds of sections
 Summary
Drafter has several choices of section techniques to reveal an internal
feature of an object.

Object having a symmetry, an appropriate choice is such as full

section or half section.

Object having several features that do not locate in-line among each
other, an offset section may be a good choice.

Broken-out section is usually used when a drafter need to reveal a

local detail of each feature.

Revolved and removed section views are efficient when a drafter

need to reveal only a cross section shape of an object.

Kinds of sections
Comparison of a different section techniques
Dimensioning
 Dimension techniques
Dimensioning of the section views follows the typical rules
of dimensioning.
For a half-section view, use dimension line with only one arrowhead
that points to the position inside the sectioned portion.

10

f 50 f 50
 Dimension techniques
Avoid placing dimensions or notes within the section lined
area.
If the situation is unavoidable, omit the section lines in the area of
the note.