Properties Of Concrete

Presentation

Strength Evaluation of Existing

Structures
Group 2
 Shahrukh Niaz 17
 Taimoor Shaheen 18
 Hasnian Manzoor 16
 Ahsan Javed 14
 Muhammad Ansar 10
 Muhammad Arshad 12
 Muhammad Salman 15
 Qasib Ali 13
 • Introduction
1

• Investigatio
2 n

• Methods for material

3 evaluation
• Assessment Of Loading Conditions
4 And Selection Of Evaluation Method

• Selecting The Proper Method Of

5 Evaluation
 • Introduction
1
 What is
Evaluation?
 The making of judgement about
a amount, number, or value the
assessment.
of somethin
g;
 The main objective of the evaluation, in
addition to having an overview of past or
existing initiatives, is to allow for reflection
and help identify future changes.
1.
• Categories of
1 evaluation
 There are a number of different characteristics of an
existing concrete structure that can be evaluated. These
include:
 Stability of the entire structure
 Stability of individual components of the structure
 Strength and safety of individual structural element
 Stiffness of the entire structure
 Stiffness of individual structural elements
 Dynamic response of individual structural elements
 Durability of the structure
 Fire resistance of the structure
 • Procedure for a structural evaluation
1.2

 Defining the existing condition of the building,

including:
 Reviewing available information of the building
 Conducting a condition survey of the building
 Determining the cause and rate of progression of
existing distress
 Determining the degree of repair to precede the
evaluation
 Selecting the structural elements For detailed
evaluation
 Assessing the load
 Evaluating the results
 • THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
2

Review of existing
information

Condition survey
of the building
 • Review of existing
2.1
information

All sources of existing information concerning the design,

map and construction. should be researched to learn as
much as possible about the structure.
It is intended as a guide only. It should be recognized that
each source need not be consulted in a strength evaluation.

Following are some sources of existing

information:

 Structural design calculations

 Construction materials
 Field inspection reports
 Contractor and subcontractor diaries
 Job progress photographs
 compressive strength test reports
 Field slump test reports
 Maintenance records
 • Condition survey of the building
2.2

All forms and areas of deformations and defects existing in the

structural elements of the building should be located, inspected and
recorded as to type, location, and other degrees.

Abnormalities

A fundamental knowledge of the basic

characteristics of structural concrete and
the types of deformation and defects that
may be observed in a concrete building
is essential for successful performance
of a strength evaluation.
Survey methods for evaluation of structural
concrete
In-place test

A number of test methods are

available for estimating the in-place
concrete strength or for locating
areas of low strength concrete.
These have been traditionally
referred to as “nondestructive
tests” to contrast them with the
drilling and testing of core samples.
A more descriptive term for these
tests is “in-place tests” because
they are performed on concrete as
it exists in a structure.
Rebound Hammer
test
 Rebound hammer

Explanation
:
The test instrument consists of a metal housing, a spring-loaded
mass (the hammer) and a steel rod (the plunger). To perform a test,
the plunger is placed perpendicular to the concrete surface and the
housing is pushed toward the concrete. This action causes the
extension of a spring connected to the hammer. When the instrument
is pushed to its limit, the hammer is propelled toward the concrete
and it impacts a shoulder on the plunger. The hammer rebounds, and
the rebound distance is measured on a scale numbered from 10 to
100.
The rebound distance is recorded as the “rebound number”
indicated on the scale.
The greater the amount of absorbed energy by concrete, the lower
the rebound number.
A test performed directly above a hard particle of coarse aggregate
results in a higher rebound number than a test over mortar.
Pulse velocity
Test
 Explanatio
n
In this test, the strength and quality of concrete is assessed by measuring
the velocity of an ultrasonic pulse passing through a concrete
structure.The test equipment includes a transmitter, a receiver, and
electronic instrumentation. The test consists of measuring the time it
takes for a pulse of vibrational energy to travel through a concrete
member. The vibrational energy is introduced into the concrete by the
transmitter, detected by the receivier. The distance between them is
divided by the transit time to obtain the pulse velocity through the
concrete under test.
 Greater the velocity more will be the Strength.
 An increase in moisture content increases the pulse velocity and
this could be incorrectly interpreted as an increase in compressive
strength.
 The presence of reinforcing steel aligned with the pulse travel path
can also significantly increase pulse velocity.
 Cracking and Honeycombing can also be detected by this method.
Sounding
Test

Hollow areas below the concrete surface can be detected by striking the
surface with a hammer or a steel bar. A “hollow” or “drum-like” sound results
when the
surface over a defective area is struck, compared with a “ringing” noise over
sound concrete. For slabs, a heavy steel chain can be dragged over the concrete
surface.
Sounding is a simple and effective method for locating regions with subsurface
fracture planes. However, the sensitivity and reliability of the method decreases
as the depth of the defect increases.
 • Methods for material evaluation
3

Concrete

Reinforcin
g steel
 3.1
• Concrete

Sampling techniques and tests of concrete are available to assess the

mechanical properties and Strength of concrete and steel.

Techniques for proper sampling of concrete

Samples are retrieved to determined strength as well as physical and
chemical properties. It is essential that samples be obtained, handled,
stored and identified in a proper way of prevent damage or
contamination .
 Methods of testing:
 Rebound Hammer
 Pulse Velocity Test
 Sounding Test
3.2
• Reinforcing steel

Locational survey method:

The size, number and location of steel bars can be determined by following
methods
•Magnetic test
•Radiographic evaluation

Magnetic test
• Magnetic instrument for location of steel bars in concrete are based on
the fact that presence of steel affects alternating magnetic field
produced by a hand-held search unit.
 Magnetic test

 As we move unit directly along the concrete

surface meter indication is seen.
 These meters can be used to estimate the depth of
steel bar if its size is known or estimate the bar
size if depth of cover is known.
 Magnetic tests are limited whithin 7inch of
exposed concrete surface.
 This method may not be used in heavy
reinforced sections.
Radiographic evaluation

Radiography may be used to determine size, position

and configuration of reinforcing steel.
 X-ray inspection is used in locating post-tentioning
stands in
concrete slabs.
Gamma rays may be used upto 18inch thick and as a field test
method because of its portability.
 • ASSESSMENT OF LOADING ,CONDITIONS
4
 • Assessment of loading and environmental
4 conditions

Soil Thermal
Dead load Live Load
Pressure effects

Environment
Loads al
Conditions

Seism ic
Wind load Fire shrinkage
load
Dead
load
“The weight of a structure and
anything attached to it”

All permanent components of a

building including walls, Beam,
columns, flooring material etc
Fixed permanent equipment
and fitting that are an integral part
of the structure.(like plumbing,
HVAC, etc.)
Live
load
“The weight of people or goods
in
a building.”

When the deflection in concrete

structure becomes constants under
applied dead load then live load is
applied. After dead load deflection
have stabilized, exiting cracks observed
and marked.
The portion of the structure selecting
for loading should be subjected to a
total test load TL included all the dead
loads already acting equivalent to the
following.
TL = 0.85(1.4D+1.7L)
D=DEAD LOAD
L=LIVE LOADS
 Seismic
Load

Seismic load is one of the basic concepts of earthquake

engineering which means application of an earthquake-generated
disturbance to a building structure or its model. It happens at
contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with
adjacent structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.
Wind
Load

“The load or force acting on a building due to the

pressure of wind.” When building a structure it is
important to calculate wind load to ensure that the
structure can withstand high winds, especially if the
building is located in an area known for inclement
weather. The main wind force resisting system of a
building is a vital component.
 • Selecting The Proper Method Of Evaluation
5

The typical choices are:

Evaluation solely by analysis;

Evaluation by analysis and in-

place load testing

Evaluation by analysis and

small-scale model test
5.1
• Evaluation solely by analysis

Evaluation solely by analysis is recommended where:

 Load testing is impractical or unsafe for the load and

testing arrangements required for the test.
 Members are suspected of being suddenly fail. A load
test in such a case would endanger the safety of the
structure and those persons conducting the test. Failure by
compression is usually sudden.
 Sufficient information is available, or obtainable by
field investigation, about the physical characteristics and
material properties.
 • Evaluation by analysis and in-place load testing
5.2

Evaluation by analysis and in-place load testing is

recommended in the following cases:
•The complexity of the design concept and lack of
experience with the types of structural elements present
make evaluation solely by analytical methods impractical or
uncertain;
•The loading and material characteristics of the structural
element(s) cannot be readily determined;
•The existing distress introduces significant uncertainties into
the parameters necessary to perform an analytical
evaluation;
•Where there is doubt concerning adequacy of structural
elements for new loading that exceeds the allowable
stresses calculated using the original design.
 • Evaluation by analysis and Small-scale models
5.3

Evaluation by analysis and small-scale models.

•In the past, the construction and testing of small-
scale models provided a feasible alternative to
conducting a full-scale load test.
• Modern computational techniques have
essentially
replaced load testing of small-scale models.
•Presently, load tests on small-scale models are
rarely performed by practicing engineers and are
used primarily in research environments.