Iinfrastructures in the society has developed with the

help of science and technology.

The invention of the telephone and radio services has

expanded human communication
.
Society can not exist without the industry we have today.
Society needs science and technology

. A computer helps us. The impact of science and

technology can be seriously recognized
Science and technology has greatly contributed in practice to the
vision of man over himself.

Science has changed the opinion about the origin of man and place of
origin as well.

Through the results of scientific discoveries, the perception of people

about his behavior and his place of origin was diversely changed

Experiments in science today are in one way or another to the

detriment of society.

Take for Example of the attempt to clone a human being.

The experiment has a lot of controversy, as the company skeptical
about them.
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION

LESSON 2
Defining Science
1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and
all systematic explanations and observations about
the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses
a systematic and practical study of the natural and
physical world. This process involves systematic
observation and experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject,
discipline, or field of study that deals with the process
of learning about the natural and physical world.
4. Science as a personal and social activity. It is a
means to survive in and improve life. It is interwoven
with people’s lives.
Scientific Revolution
 Scientific Revolution was the period of
enlightenment when the developments in the fields
of science and mathematics transforms the views
of society about nature. It explained the
emergence of modern science. This took place in
Europe, which was started by the publication of
Nicolaus Copernicus’ book On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres and ended with Isaac
Newton.
Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts

A scientific paradigm is a framework

containing all the commonly accepted views about
a subject, conventions about what direction
research should take and how it should be
performed.
The philosopher Thomas Kuhn suggested
that a paradigm includes “the practices that define
a scientific discipline at a certain point in time.”
 Paradigms contain all the distinct,
established patterns, theories, common methods
and standards that allow us to recognize an
experimental result as belonging to a field or not.
 Kuhn was interested in how the overarching
theories we have of reality itself influence the
models and theories we make about reality within
that paradigm.

A paradigm dictates:
 what is observed and measured
 the questions we ask about those observations
 how the questions are formulated
 how the results are interpreted
 how research is carried out
 what equipment is appropriate
  It is very common for scientists to discard certain
models or pick up emerging theories.
 But once in a while, enough anomalies
accumulate within a field that the entire paradigm
itself is required to change to accommodate them.
Normal science is the step-by-step scientific process,
which builds patiently upon previous research.
 Revolutionary science, often 'fringe science'
questions the paradigm itself.
 Kuhn believed that a paradigm would make a
sudden leap from one to the next, called a paradigm
shift, where the new paradigm didn’t build on the
foundations of the old, but completely change the
rules for that “building.”
GREEK COSMOLOGY

 We began with the invention of the idea of a

scientific theory by the pre-Socratic philosophers
 They attempted to find underlying and unchanging
principles responsible for the constantly-changing
phenomena of the everyday natural world
 The Greeks developed a cosmological theory with
the Earth at the center and the planets, sun and
moon embedded in spheres rotating around the
earth
 The motions in the heavens were understood in
terms of Aristotle’s theory of motion
Science is as old the world itself.
 No individual can exactly identify when and where
science began.
 Science is always interwoven with the society
 An idea – ideas, theories, systematic explanations
 An intellectual activity – systematic and practical
studies
 A body of knowledge – subject or a discipline, field of
study, or a body knowledge that deals with the process
of learning
 As a personal and social activity – Activities to develop
better understanding of the world around them;
improve life and survive in life.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
16th century-Nicholaus Copernicus- a Polish
mathematician and astronomer , challenged the
Ptolemaic model.
 he introduced a new concept known as
HELIOCENTRISM which suggested that the center of the
Solar System was not the Earth but actually the sun.
 accepted by the people in a period called the BIRTH
OF MODERN ASTRONOMY
Imagine that you’re at the controls of a railway
switch and there’s an out-of-control trolley coming.
The tracks branch into two, one track that leads to a
group of five people, and the other to one person. If
you do nothing, the trolley will smash into the five
people. But if you flip the switch, it’ll change tracks
and strike the lone person. What do you do?
This one’s reminiscent of Plato’s Cave, another classic (and
disturbing) thought experiment. Proposed by Thomas

Nagel in his essay, “Birth, Death, and the Meaning of Life,” it

addresses issues of non-interference and the meaningfulness of
life.
> He got the idea when he noticed a sad little spider living in a
urinal in the men’s bathroom at Princeton where he was teaching.
 The spider appeared to have an awful life, constantly getting
peed on, and “he didn’t seem to like it.”
 Gradually our encounters began to oppress me. Of course it
might be his natural habitat, but because he was trapped by the
smooth porcelain overhang, there was no way for him to get out
even if he wanted to, and no way to tell whether he wanted to...
Would you help the spider get out or no?

 So one day toward the end of the term I took a paper towel from
the wall dispenser and extended it to him.

 His legs grasped the end of the towel and I lifted him out and
deposited him on the tile floor. He just sat there, not moving a
muscle.
 I nudged him slightly with the towel, but nothing happened . . . .
 I left, but when I came back two hours later he hadn't moved.
 The next day I found him in the same place, his legs shriveled in
that way characteristic of dead spiders.
 His corpse stayed there for a week, until they finally swept the floor.
 Nagel acted out of empathy, assuming that the spider would fare
better — and perhaps even enjoy life — outside of its normal
existence. But the exact opposite happened. In the end, he did the
spider no good.
 This thought experiment forces us to consider the
quality and meaningfulness of not just animal
lives, but our own as well.

 How can we ever know what anyone really wants?

And do our lives actually do us any good? It also
forces us to question our policies of intervention.
 Despite our best intentions, interference can
sometimes inflict unanticipated harm. It’s a lesson
embedded within Star Trek’s Prime Directive —
but as the Trolley Problem illustrated, sometimes
inaction can be morally problematic.
Suppose there were an experience machine that would
give you any experience you desired. Superduper

neuropsychologists could stimulate your brain so that

you would think and feel you were writing a great
novel, or making a friend, or reading an interesting
book. All the time you would be floating in a tank, with
electrodes attached to your brain. Should you plug into
this machine for life, preprogramming your life
experiences?...Of course, while in the tank you won't
know that you're there; you'll think that it's all actually
happening...Would you plug in
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
one of the most controversial
intellectual revolutions
1859, Charles Darwin, an English
naturalist, biologist and geologist
publish his book, ON THE ORIGIN OF
SPECIES
in this book he introduced the theory of
evolution that populations pass through a
process of natural selection in which only the
fittest would survive.
he stated that organisms have the ability to
adapt to their environment and would gradually
change into something that would be more
competitive to survive, process known as
evolution.
but this very much controversial as this is contradictory
the church teachings that the source of life is a
powerful creator.
made people divided based into their belief. But later
on was not in fact against teachings of the church and
both can coexist.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
In the past, the field of psychology as always under
philosophy
Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a
science
19th century Sigmund Freud was able to change
people’s perception of psychology with his
revolutionary theory of PSYCHOANALYSIS
PSYCHOANALYSIS-study that explains human behaviour

-Freud explained that there are many conscious and

unconscious factors that can influence behaviour and emotions
-He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting
elements: id, ego, superego
-many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as no
empirical or experimental data could support it
-But still Freud continued his work, soon enough people were
able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis which
eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science.
Id: Meeting Basic Needs

The id is the most basic part of the personality. It also represents our most
animalistic urges, like the desire for food and sex. The id seeks instant gratification
for our wants and needs. If these needs or wants are not met, a person can become
tense, anxious, or angry.
Ex: Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for the server to refill her glass of water, she
reached across the table and drank from Mr. Smith's water glass, much to his
surprise.
> A hungry baby cried until he was fed.
> A toddler who wanted another helping of dessert whined incessantly until she was
given another serving.
> In line at the salad bar, Amy was so hungry that she shoved a handful of croutons in
her mouth as she waited for the line to move.
> Bart was stuck in traffic. He just wanted his vehicle to move! Enraged at the
situation, Bart pulled his car onto the shoulder and sped forward, not caring that he
was clipping people's side mirrors as he tried to get ahead of the cars in front of him.
Ego: Dealing With Reality

The ego deals with reality, trying to meet the desires of the
id in a way that is socially acceptable in the world.
This may mean delaying gratification and helping to get rid
of the tension the id feels if a desire is not met right away.
The ego recognizes that other people have needs and wants
too, and being selfish isn't good in the long run.
EX:
Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would
be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until
then to get a drink, even though she really just wanted to
drink from Mr. Smith's glass.
In line at the salad bar, Amy really wanted to shove a
handful of croutons into her mouth. However, since
her boss was there, she decided to wait another
minute or two until she sat down to eat.

Mary really wanted to borrow her mom's necklace,

but knew her mom would be angry if she took it
without asking, so she asked her mom if she could
wear it.
Hillary was so sweaty after her workout that she
wanted to change her clothes right there by the car.
However, she knew the other people around her
would not approve, so she waited until she was in the
restroom to change.
Tim really wanted to slug Mark for what he had just
said. However, Tim knew if he hit Mark, he would be
kicked off the baseball team, and since he loved
baseball, he unclenched his fists and walked away.
Superego: Adding Morals

The superego develops last, and is based on 

morals and judgments about right and wrong.
Even though the superego and the ego may reach the
same decision about something, the superego's
reason for that decision is based more on moral
values, while the ego's decision is based more on
what others will think or what the consequences of
an action could be on the individual.
a. Sarah knew she could steal the supplies from work
and no one would know about it. However, she knew
that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take
anything even though she would probably never get
caught.
b.Maggie couldn't remember the answer to test
question #12, even though she had studied. Nate was
the smartest kid in the class, and from where Maggie
sat, she could see his answers if she turned her head
slightly. When Mrs. Archer turned her back, Maggie
almost cheated, but her conscience stopped her
because she knew it was wrong. Instead, Maggie took a
guess at the answer and then turned in her paper.
c.The cashier only charged the couple for one meal
even though they had eaten two. They could have
gotten away with only paying for one, but they pointed
out the cashier's mistake and offered to pay for both
meals. They wanted to be honest and they knew that
the restaurant owner and employees needed to make a
living.
d.On the playground, two kids were making fun of
Joseph because he wore glasses. John was tempted to
join in so that he could make himself look good, but
when he thought about how bad Joseph must already
feel, he knew that he couldn't.
e. Will had worked hard all season to break the school
record in cross-country. During his last race, he had
the opportunity to cut a corner and therefore lower his
time, because no officials were watching that part of
the course. As much as he wanted to break the school
record, Will knew he wouldn't feel good about himself
if he cheated, so he stuck to the course and ran as fast
as he could.
INFORMATION

 This has been the era in which

technology has been prevalent.
It is also known as the
COMPUTER AGE that has
brought so much change on
how we are living today
MESO-AMERICA

 It has contributed a lot of ideas or discoveries for Archeology.

 The temples and pyramids left a lot of Architecture that leads us to study
more of it.
 The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for
approximately 2,000 years.
 These people are known for their works in astronomy.
 They developed the technology for growing different crops and building
elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
 They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply
water to different communities.
 The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised rainbow of
glittery paints from mineral called mica.
 They are also believe to be the first people to produce rubber products
3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
 The Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies
in Mesoamerica.
 The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica.
 The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an
old civilization.
 The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help
them in everyday life:
 Roads paved with stones
 Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
 Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all
types of land
 Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them
for planting season
 The first suspension bridge
 Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can
interpret
 Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements
The Aztec civilization has also made substantial contributions to science
and technology and to the society. Some of their contributions are the
following:
 Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their
children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class,
gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education
 Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In
Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans
highly and made it as part of their tribute to their Gods.
 Antispadomic medication. They used a type of antispadomic medication
that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help
during surgery.
 Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which
the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
 Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and
planting season.
 Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water
systems.
ASIAN

 The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom

and independent nationhood along the improvement
brought by it internally.
 India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of
water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern
boarders.
 The Indians are known for manufacturing iron and in
metallurgical works.
 Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with
high regard in the Roman Empire.
 They are also famous in medicine.
 Ayuverda is a system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC and is
still practiced as a form of alternative medicine.
 They discovered some medicinal properties of
plants that led them to develop medicines to cure
various illnesses.
 Some ancient texts, like Susruta Samhita,
describes different surgical and other medical
procedures famous in ancient India.
 Ancient Indian is also notable in the field of
astronomy.
 They developed theories on the configuration of
the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth,
and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
days each.
 They are also known for their mathematics.
 Aryabhata, an Indian astronomer and
mathematician in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a
number of trigonometric functions, tables, and
techniques as well as algorithms of algebra.
China is one of the ancient civilizations with
substantial contributions in many areas of life like
medicine, astronomy, science. Mathematics, arts,
philosophy, and music.

 The Chinese are known for their traditional

medicines.
 They discovered various medical properties and
uses of different plants and animals to cure human
illness. Acupuncture is an example.
MIDDLE EAST

 The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of

development and growth of individual nationalism,
imperialism for the efforts of westernize and modernize
Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of
the of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab Region.
 A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the
Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the
intromission theory of light.
 In Mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-
Kwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while
the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the
title of one of his publications.
AFRICAN

 The fight against colonialism and imperialism in

Africa.
Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which
is known as the medieval fore runner of chemistry.
Astronomy was also famous in African region.
For instance, documents show that Africans used
three types of calendar: lunar, solar and stellar or
a combination of the three.
Science and technology make completion tasks
easier and more efficient.

Science and technology developments are brought

about by gradual development from one era to
another to raise the quality of life of people.
Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development
Transportation. Our means of moving ourselves and
1. 1.
our goods from place to place have grown faster and
more comprehensive with every passing generation of
technology. Initially traveling to try new places, discover
new horizons, search for food, find better locations for
settlements, and trade surplus goods for what is needed,
we have progressed from a reliance on human and
animal muscle to the harnessing of combustion to power
automobiles, aircraft, and rockets.
 Examples: wheel, wheeled chariot, sailboat, sailing ship,
road, compass, steamboat, railroad, bicycle, automobile,
airplane, space launcher, jetliner, GPS
2.Communication. Communication is the transmission of
information for the purpose of creating understanding,
especially to facilitate trade and prevent conflicts. Our
means of communication today have so extended our
reach, broadened our vision, and expanded our
knowledge that we are often said to live in the Age of
Information.
 Examples: cuneiform, ink, papyrus, paper, hieroglyphics,
newspaper, bound book or codex, numbers, Greek and
Latin alphabet, parchment and vellum, printing press,
photography, telegraph, telephone, phonograph, motion
picture, radio, television, transistor, communications
satellite, personal computer
3. Food production, agriculture, and industry.
 The growing of living things and the fabricating of new
materials and objects are fundamental to the maintenance
of life. This is especially true for an increasing size of
people and number of nations.
 They are also fundamental to defining human beings as
separate from all other living creatures.
 The innovations in food production, agriculture, and industry
demonstrate the resolve of human beings to make their
material lives safe, comfortable, and prosperous.
 Examples: plowshare, silk, tea, bronze, iron, petroleum
refinery, power loom, canning, refrigeration, steel,
aluminum, sheet and plate glass, rayon, Bakelite, combine
harvester, industrial robots, fullerenes
4.Military.
> Initially for the discovery of new places, establishment
of alliances, taking of needed resources, conflicts,
security, and protection, inventions have also contributed
the deliberate and organized application of deadly force
against other people. Indeed, so powerful has been the
thirst for victory, or the fear of defeat, that no effort has
been spared to devise ever more powerful implements of
war.
 Examples: spear, bow and arrow, gunpowder, rifled
muzzle-loaders, submarine, machine gun, assault rifle,
tank, ballistic missile, nuclear weapons
5.Conservation of life, medicine, and health.
 Nothing testifies more convincingly to human genius
than the ability to understand the processes of the
human body and to influence those processes in such a
manner as to save lives, maintain good health, and
prevent and fight off illness.
 Very often, milestones in our growing understanding of
health and disease are reached by the efforts of specific
individuals.
 Examples: smallpox vaccine, general anesthesia,
pasteurization, X-ray imaging, insulin, antibiotics, blood
transfusion, polio vaccine, birth control pill, heart
transplantation, genetic engineering, cloning
6.Engineering and architecture.
>The building of great structures is a sign not only of human
inventiveness but of organization.
 Over time we have gathered the intelligence, materials, and
collective will to bridge chasms, erect soaring towers, domes,
and vaults, and even create artificial controlled environments
inside our own homes.
 Architectural designs, though seen by some as a mere style,
are actually signs of technological advancement.
 It is a status symbol of how advanced a nation’s technology is
and it establishes the identity of a nation.
 Examples: city, ziggurat, irrigation, dike, Wonders of the World,
aqueduct, arch, brick, dam, Roman dome, plumbing, paved
road, reinforced concrete, suspension bridge, dynamite,
skyscraper, elevator, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
7. Aesthetics.

> Humans also developed technology to improve

how they look.
> This is to make them visually appealing and
presentable through addition of features and
decorations.
 Examples: wig, cosmetics
8.Power and energy.
 Fundamental to all inventions are power and
energy, the harnessing of the capacity of the
physical world to do work.
 The human race has applied its genius to using all
sources of energy for a multitude of ends.
 Example: waterwheel, controlled fire, windmill,
steam engine, electric battery, electric generator
and motor, incandescent lightbulb, steam turbine,
gasoline engine, jet engine, nuclear reactor laser,
wind turbine, solar cell, fuel cell
9.Observation and measurement.
 Magnitude—especially the magnitude of time and distance—is
a property that has always defied human beings but that
people in turn have always tried to master.
 And so we have the invention of clocks and calendars for
dividing time into discrete units, or of telescopes and
microscopes for viewing objects too small or too far away for
the eye to see.
 The inventions profiled here, unlike those profiled elsewhere in
this book, do not attempt to move, manipulate, or change our
surrounding world; rather, they attempt to help us quantify and
comprehend it.
 Examples: water clock or clepsydra, alarm clock, Gregorian
calendar, clock, watch, telescope, microscope, radar, atomic
clock, calculator
 ANCIENT TIMES

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
 Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient MESOPTAMIA

 Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one
another and their desire for great things.
 They are not contented with basic things (this desire pushed them to
develop many things connected with science and technology)
> CUNEIFORM one of the major contributions of Sumerians is the
development of the first writing system
 A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are
carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.
 Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great
historical value or their everyday life.
URUK CITY
 Another contribution of the Sumerians.

 It is a great wonder

 It is first true city on the world and for the way it was erected

 There were no building stones in the location of the city and the
lumber was limited - making the construction a big challenge
 The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay
from the river which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked
bricks - a true engineering feat.
 they used bricks to make houses that protected them from the
harsh weather and to build a wall around the city that prevented
wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR

 Another engineering and architectural feat of the

Sumerians is the GREAT ZIGGURAT of Ur
 It is also called the mountain of God built in the
same manner that as city of URUK
 It served as the scared place of their chief god
where only their priest were allowed to enter.
IRRIGATION and DIKES

 Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to

bring water to farmlands and at the same time
control of flooding of the rivers.
 It is considered as one of the world’s most
beneficial engineering works
 Through the dikes and canals, the Sumerians were
able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting,
which increased their food production.
SAILBOATS

 was also invented by Sumerians

 boats were used to carry large quantities of products

and were able to cover large distances
 Sumerians wanted to discover faraway lands and they
needed a mode of transportation that did not require
much human resource.
 Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading
as well as fostering culture, information and technology.
WHEEL

 latter part of history - wheel was invented

 the first wheels were not made for transportation

but farm work and food processes
 with the use of wheel and axle mass production
was made easier
 farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in
less time
THE PLOW

 Anotherfarm technology invented by the

MESOPOTAMIANS
 It is used to dig the ground where seeds would be
planted
 It is used to dig the earth in a faster pace

 Farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster,

enabling them to mass produce food without taking so
much effort and time
ROADS

 Sumerians developed the first road

 it made the flow of traffic become faster and more

organized
 they made the roads with the same technology
they used in making the sun-baked bricks that
they laid down on the ground
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

 emerged near the TIGRIS and EUPHRATES

RIVERS
 the Babylonians were great builders, engineers
and architectures
 one of the major contributions is the hanging
gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders
of the ancient world
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 located in NORTH AFRICA

Paper or Papyrus
 one of the earlier contribution

 papyrus is a plant that grew abundantly along NILE RIVER in Egypt

 they were able to process the plants in order to produce thin sheets on which
one could write down things.
 thinner and lighter and less breakable than clay tablets

 the major accomplishment in Egyptian record - keeping and communications

advantages:
 send letters or correspondences anywhere in the world

 easier to keep from raiders who often destroyed records of the nations they
invaded
INK

 They invented ink by combining soot with different

chemicals to produce inks of different colors
 It was used to record history, culture, and codified laws

HIEROGLYPHICS
 system of writing using symbols

 Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to

them by gods
 It was the language that tells the modern world of the
history and culture of the ancient EGYPTIANS.
COSMETICS

 Were used for both health and aesthetic reasons

 Egyptians wore KOHL - eye cosmetic(created by mixing

soot or malachite with mineral galena) to cure diseases
 Soot (black powder that is formed when something is
burned)
 Egyptians believed that a person wearing make-up was
protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.
 At present - cosmetics are used to improve and highlight
the facial features of a person
WIG

 worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic

purposes
 used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians
from the harmful rays from the sun
 considered as a cleaner than natural hair because it
prevented the accumulation of head lice.
 At present - wigs are used to enhance the appearance of
people who are balding and to those who want to try new
ones.
WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA

 Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is

the water clock
 utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from
one vessel to the other
 the amount of water remaining in the device
determines how much time has elapsed since it is
full (time is measured)
 used as time keeping device
GREEK CIVILIZATION

 Greece - is an archipelago in the southern part of Europe

 known as the birthplace of western philosophy
ALARM CLOCK
 One of the most utilized gadgets today invented by the
Greeks
 they made used of water or small stones or sand that
dropped into drums which sounded the alarm
 Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm to signal the
start of his lecture
WATER MILL

 one of the most important contributions of the Greek

Civilization to the world
 commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of
grains which was necessary form of food processing
 because milling was made possible by the use of
watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals, flours
became common
 better than mills powered by farm animals because they
required less effort and time to operate since the farmer did
not have time to raise the animals
ROMAN CIVILIZATION

Roman Empire
 was perceived to be the strongest political and
social entity in the west
 was considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance
 large and the other civilization looked up to it as
their model in terms of legislation and codified
laws
NEWSPAPER
 one of the major contributions of the Romans
 GAZETTES - first newspaper
 made before the invention of paper
 graved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly
displayed
 when paper was invented publish matters became
easier and faster
BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX

 through the invention of paper - it became easier to write down everything

happened in their time
 record keeping - became easier since paper did not easily break.
Lightweight and did not occupy much space
 resulted to: civilization became fond of record-keeping (historical events
and legislated laws)
 literature was also changed form from clay tablets to parchment paper
 according to sources, Julius Cesar started the tradition of stacking up
papyrus to form pages of a book
 later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus
 earlier covers was made of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin
(stronger and long-lasting)
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
 one of the most visual contributions of the Roman Empire to the world

 considered a continuation of Greek architecture

 all engineering and architecture development was fully supported and

funded by the Roman government
 able to implement major projects such as large churches (basilicas and
cathedrals, coliseums amphitheaters etc.) 
ROMAN NUMERALS
 devised their own number system specifically to address the need for
standard counting method
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

 oldest civilization in ASIA

 known as middle kingdom and located on the far east of Asia

 it was famous among other ancient civilizations because of the silk trade

SILK
 naturally produced by silk worms and the Chinese were the ones who
developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce
paper and clothing
 SILK TRADE opened China to the outside world making way for
cultural, economic and scientific exchanges bridging the gap between
the western world and the middle kingdom.
TEA PRODUCTION

 Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over

crushed or shredded dried tea leaves
 believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese Emperor
 Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor
created a machine that was bale shred tea leaves into strips
 Machine with a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edge attached
to a wooden or ceramic pot
 Advantages: increase tea production and trade with other nations
 CHINA - became known of tea exports aside from its silk products
 was one of the most popular beverages in the world today
GUN POWDER

 one of the most interesting inventions in China

 originally it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to

achieve immortality.
 they mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate but instead of
creating an elixir of life they accidentally invented a black powder that
could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
 gun powder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons
which cause countless deaths
 gun powder is also used in fireworks during important celebrations in
China.
 
 MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES(AGE OF EXPLORATION)

 there was massive invasions and migrations

 wars were prevalent so great technology was needed
in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food , farm
production and health
 there was a significant rise in population
 trade and commerce among nations increased which
resulted to greater demands for transportation
technology
 some of the most innovative minds came from this
period
 between the collapse of the Roman Empire
in 5th century AD and the colonial expansion
of Western Europe in the late 15th century
AD
Major advances in scientific and
technological development took place
Steady increase of new inventions,
introduction of innovations in traditional
production and emergence of scientific
thinking and method.
PRINTING PRESS

 invented by JOHANN GUTENBERG

 more reliable way of printing using a cast type
 utilized a wooden machine that extracted from juices
 attached to them a metal impression of the letters and pressed
firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper which then made an
exact impression on paper.
 soon evolved to be a mechanical printing press which was
eventually used all over the world
 advantage: to address the need for publishing books that
would spread information to many people at faster rate
 made works accessible to individuals who could not even write
MICROSCOPE
 Invented by ZACHARIAS JANSSEN

 the key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illness

TELESCOPE
 It is an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects

 The invention of compass, oars and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer.

WAR WEAPONS
 since wars were widespread during this age, great development in weaponry
technology occurred
 for open area battles, people developed cross bows and long bows so that they
could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the
protection of walls and fortresses
 in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect
themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors
 body armors were heavy and limited their movements
Heavy plough
>most important technological innovations during
the middle ages
 Clay soil-despite being more fertile than lighter type
of soil, was not cultivated because of its heavy weight
.
 However , through this invention, it became possible
to harness clay soil
 Professor Thomas bernebeck Andersen of the
University of Southern Denmark describes the
impact of the invention of the heavy plough
“THE HEAVY THE PLOUGH TURNED EUROPEAN
AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY ITS
HEAD.SUDDENLY THE FIELDS WITH THE HEAVY
FATTY AND MOIST CLAY SOILS BECAME THOSE
THAT GAVE THE GREATEST YIELDS”.

IMPACT: Rapid economic prosperity(higher and

healthier agricultural yields and more efficient
agricultural practices)
GUNPOWDER
 Around 850 AD
 Chinese alchemists accidentally invented black
powder or gunpowder
 Elixir of life and the Chinese called it as HUOYAO or
FIRE PORTION
 Has prompted foundation for functionality of almost
every new weapon used in war since its invention
PAPER MONEY
 Although it was not until 17th century that bank notes
began to be used in Europe, the first known versions
of paper money could be traced back to the Chinese
in 17th century AD .
 Advantages: easier to transport
MECHANICAL CLOCK
SPINNING WHEEL
 Machine used for transforming fiber into thread or
yarn and eventually woven into cloth on a loom
 Invented by Indians between 6th and 11th century AD.
 Prior to the invention of the spinning wheel, weaving
was done the more time-consuming and tedious
process of hand spinning.
 MODERN TIMES

 It was the booming world population during 19th century

onwards demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate.
 people needed efficient means of transportation to trade more
goods and cover larger distance
 machines that required animals to operate must be upgraded

 faster and easier means to communicate and compute should

be developed to establish connections between or among
nations
 in modern times, more complicated problems were faced by the
people
PASTEURIZATION

 It is the process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria

that allow them to spoil faster
 It is a better means of production to meet the needs for
population, food preservation and food safety
 It was invented by Louis Pasteur (French biologist, microbiologist
and chemist)
 advantage: milk could be stored and consumed for a longer
period
 prevents illnesses caused by harmful bacteria
PETROLEUM REFINERY

 Modern times demanded better means of powering homes and

transportation
 They used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their
homes
 Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum
 KEROSENE was later on referred to as the illuminating oil
(was used at first to provide lightning at homes) and then was
used for heating purposes
 the development of Kerosene established the petroleum refinery
industry
 At present, petroleum is used in poring automobiles, factories
and power plants
TELEPHONE
 The more people got connected by trade and
exploration, the more they needed a way to easily
maintain these connections and communicate with
each other in real time
 It was one of the most important inventions at that
time and was invented by ALEXANDER Graham
Bell
CALCULATOR
 Was invented to make easier way for arithmetic
calculations
 It resulted in the development of more complex
processing machine like computer.
Telescope
 Most importanttechnological invention in the study
of astronomy during modern ages
 Invented by GALILEO GALILEI
 Can magnify objects 20 times the DUTCH
perspective glasses
 It was Galileo who first used the telscope skyward
 Made important astronomical discoveries
 Identified the presence of craters and mountains on the moon

For the first time, it became clear that the universe is far larger
than previously imagined and the Earth far smaller compared to
entire universe
JACQUARD LOOM
 Considered as one of the most critical drivers of the
revolution
 Built by French weaver Joseph Marue Jacquard
 Simplifies textile manufacturing
DRAW LOOM
 Which required two individuals to operate –the
weaver and a drawboy
Engine-powered airplane
> Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright
 Pioneering success marked an age of powered flights
 Paved the way for modern aircraft technology
TELEVISION
 Scottish engineer JOHN LOGIE BAIRD is largely
credited for the invention of modern television
 Televised objects in outline in 1924
 Recognizable human faces in 1925
 Moving objects in 1926
 Projected colored images in 1928
 Critized for its fuzzy and flickering images because it
was mechanical compared to electronic versions
 PHILIPPINE INVENTION

 Despite being considered a developing country, the

Philippines also contributes to the global
advancement of science and technology
 Philippines - one of the most vulnerable countries in
terms of natural disasters
 Many of the discoveries and inventions made by
the Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous
materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical
environment
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE

 The conversion of American military jeeps used in

WORLD WAR II into jeepneys
 Another invention is addition of sidecar to a motorcycle
transforming it into a tricycle to accommodate more
passengers
 During rainy season-flooding is common, Water
Technologies headed by Dominic Chung and
Lamberto Armada together with Chief designer
Victor Atoy Llave invented the SALAMANDER (an
amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded
streets but also rivers and lakes.)
SALT LAMP

 one of the major needs in the Philippines is ELECTRIFICATION

(electricity powers various types of machines, including light sources)
 it was invented by Aisa Mijeno (invented lightning system that
utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines called saltwater.)
 she invented the SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE LIGHTNING LAMP
(SALT) — an environment friendly light source that runs on saltwater.
 Advantages:
 safer as it poses no risk of fire and emit no toxic gases
 benefit those from far-flung barrios - they can make their own
saltwater by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water.
MEDICAL INCUBATOR

 A common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality rate of newborn

babies due to maybe lack of available incubators especially in far-flung barrios
due to lack of resources and electricity
 Dr. Fe del Mundo - Filipino pediatrician invented incubator
 first Asian woman who admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a
medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run
on electricity.
 made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one.
 hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and
makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation
 Main purpose - maintain conditions suitable for a newborn usually a pre-term
baby.
 Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine attributed to Del Mundo include her
 works on the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the BRAT diet
(includes banana and rice) for curing diarrhea
ERYTHROMYCIN
 Most important medical inventions
 Ilonggo scientist ABELARDO AGUILAR invented
out of strain of bacterium called STREPTOMYCES
ERYTHREUS
 AGUILAR was not credited for this discovery by ELI
LILLI Co., Aguilar’s US employer to whom he sent
the strain for separation
 US COMPANY owned the merits
MOLE REMOVER
 Rolando dela Cruz is credited
 Extracts of cashew nuts (ANNACARDIUM
OCCIDENTALE)
 Easily caught for accessibility, affordability and
painless and scarless procedure.
 Dela Cruz won a gold medal (INTERNATIONAL
INVENTION, INNOVATION< INDUSTRIAL
DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY EXHIBITION) in
KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIA in 2000
BANANA KETCHUP
 Maria Orosa
 Orosa invented at the backdrop of WORLD WAR II
when there was no huge shortage of tomatoes
 Variety of ketchup that made use of mashed banana,
sugar, vinegar and spices
 Orosa’s banana ketchup is brownish-yellow in
natural color but is dyed red to resemble the color of
the tomato ketchup.
DENGUE - a mosquito-borne viral illness is an
endemic tropical and subtropical areas
 transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito, rampant
during the rainy days.
 Insectides were previously used but it became
resistant to mosquito and harmful not only to
human but also to environment.
 2010-DOST-ITDI was able to introduce the
MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL Trap
System also known as OL trap
 this is made of natural ingredients that are lethal
to mosquito but safe for humans and environment.
EJEEPNEY

 Major innovation that changed the transportation

industry in the Philippines was the development of the
jeepney
 The iconic public utility vehicle was built using the
military jeeps left by the Americans after World War II.
 It utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel

 It is environment-friendly (smoke free and noise free)