Gut brain axis,

influence to brain and emotional

development

Muzal Kadim
Gastrohepatology Division, Child Health Department
Medical Faculty, Universitas Indonesia
 I declare
No conflict of interest
in my presentation
Gut nutrition
 Small bowel

45%

55%
Blood circulation
 Colon

70%
Bacteria SCFA

Fiber

30%
Blood circulation
 Microflora

We are only 10%

1014 micro-organism
Gut microflora
>10000 species

0,5-1 Kg

Communicate with brain

Trigger neutransmitter
Modern lifestyle negatively affects our
microbiota

Use of antibiotics and PPI

Poor eating habits
Obsessive hygiene
Stress
C-section
Dybiosis
Facts about the gut
brain
Gut contains 108 nerve cells
Specialized cells
Contains neurotransmitters
Independently
Communicates with brain ~
autonomic nervous
 The Conceptual pathways of bidirectional communication
between the gut microbiota and the brain

John F. Cryan and Timothy G. Dinan. NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROSCIENCE VOL 13 | OCTOBER 2012
 Gut Microbiota:
A Potential Regulator of
Neurodevelopment
Enteric Nervous System and Vagus Nerve
Circulation
Interaction through the Immune System
 Gut Microbes and the Brain: Paradigm
Shift in Neuroscience
Reevaluation concepts of health and disease, including diseases
affecting the CNS
Bidirectional signaling between the brain and the gut microbiome,
involving neuronal and endocrine
Psychological and physical stressors can affect the composition
and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota
Alterations gut microbiome may play a role in human brain
diseases (autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, and
chronic pain)
 Roles of the Microbiota
(Produce neurotransmitters)
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
(GABA)
E. coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces
(Epinephrine)
Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia
and Enterococcus (Serotonin)
Bacillus and Serratia (Dopamine)
 Neuroendocrine
Neuronal
Neuroimmune
Endocrine
N. Vagus
Immune ENS

GABA
Serotonine
Dopamine
SCFA
Cytokines
second brain
gut ~ brain
 Growth and
Development
 Mental health problems
affect about 1 in 10 children
include depression, anxiety and
conduct disorder
 Grenham, S., Clarke, G., Cryan, J. & Dinan, T. G.
Brain–gut–microbe communication in health and disease. Front. Physiol. 2, 94 (2011).
 Genetic Psychological
Enviroment factors

Neuroendocrine
Neuronal
Neuroimmune
Endocrine
N. Vagus
Immune ENS

GABA
Serotonine Gut-brain
Dysbiosis Dopamine disoders
SCFA
Cytokines
Conclusions:
Early gut microbiota modulation with probiotics may modify the
growth pattern of the child by restraining excessive weight gain
during the first years of life
Conclusions:
The limited evidence suggests that probiotics have the potential
to improve child growth in developing countries and in under-
nourished children.
More research is needed to explore this further
 Early gut microbiota composition — a
possible target to reduce the risk of
developing neuropsychiatric disorders?

Erika Isolauri, Anna Pärtty, Marko Kalliomäki, Akihito Endo,

Seppo Salminen
The FASEB Journal (2014) vol. 28 no. 1 Supplement 637.11

Conclusions: The composition of the gut microbiota and

probiotic supplementation early in life may have an impact on
the development of neuropsychiatric disorders later in childhood
Conclusions:
Differences in gut microbiome composition, including alpha
diversity, beta diversity, and abundances of specific bacterial
species, were observed in association with temperament in
toddlers
Thank you