Magnetic field, Transformer and

Motor
Direction of the Field of a Long Straight Wire
• A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic
field
• Right Hand Rule
– Grasp the wire in your right hand
– Point your thumb in the direction of the current
– Your fingers will curl in the direction of the field
• The magnitude of the field at a distance r from a wire
carrying a current of I is:  I
B o

2 r

• µo = 4  x 10-7 T.m / A
– µo is called the permeability of free space
An electromagnet consists of an iron core placed
inside a wire coil. The magnetic field strength of a
wire coil carrying an electric current increases in
direct proportion to the number of turns of the coil.
 Transformer
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low current
A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and vice-versa
without changing the frequency

In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive
influence of each other.
 TRANSFORMER USES
• Impedance matching
• Electrical Isolation
• AC power transmission
 STEP-UP Transformer
 STEP-DOWN Transformer
 INDUCTION THEORY
• Transformers behaviour is based on Faraday’s
Law of Induction

Where:-
ε – EMF (V)
N – No of turns of wire
ΦB – Magnetic flux (Wb)
INDUCTION THEORY

Np Ns
 Working of a transformer
1. When current in the primary coil
changes being alternating in
nature, a changing magnetic field
is produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets
associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the
secondary.
 TRANSFORMER MODELS
Ideal Transformer
ip(t) is(t)
Np Ns
+ +

Vp(t) Vs(t)

- -

Np = No of windings on the primaryNs = No of windings on the secondary

ip = Current into the primary is = Current out from the secondary
Vp = Voltage across the primary Vs = Voltage across the secondary
 Primary and Secondary Relationship
Turns ratio (a) is defined as the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary
winding (Nsec) to the number of turns in the primary winding (Npri).

VP = NP = iS = a
VS NS iP
Note; a < 1 = Step up transformer
a > 1 = Step down transformer

Voltage and current angles are NOT affected hence,

θP = θS = θ
 LOSSES
• Transformers have losses and these losses
must come into consideration.
• Copper losses (I^2 R)
• Leakage Flux losses
• Core losses
 Eddy currents
 Hysteresis losses
 REAL TRANSFORMER LOSSES
ip(t) is(t)
Lp Ls
Rp Rs

Vp(t) Rc jXm Np Ns Vs(t)

• Copper losses (I^2 R)

• Leakage Flux losses
• Core losses
 Eddy currents
 Hysteresis losses
 TYPES
Auto-Transformer
– Used to change a desirable voltage by only a small
amount. For example: 120/132 V

IH
+
ISE
VSE
NSE
IL
+ VH

VL NC
- -
TYPES
Three Phase Transformers
Three phase transformers
can be constructed in two
different ways i.e. :-
1. A three phase bank consists
of three single phase
transformers.
2. Three windings wrapped
around a common core.
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Delta – wye (Δ – Y) Delta – delta (Δ – Δ)

Wye – delta (Y- Δ) Wye – wye (Y – Y)

 EFFICIENCY
• Efficiency (η) is the ratio of the power out to the
power in of a transformer.
– η in an Ideal transformer, no power losses
• PIN = VP IP cos θP
• POUT = VS IS cos θS
• PIN = POUT = VP IP cos θP = VS IS cos θS
• ηIdeal = 100%
 VOLTAGE REGULATION
• Voltage regulation (VR) is the ability of a system to
provide near constant voltage over a wide range of
load conditions. Also it compares the VO at no load to
VO at full load.

• An Ideal transformer has a voltage regulation,

VR = 0%
Reference : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulation
Generator and Motor
 Faraday Effect

• Faraday Effect

• Basic Concepts
• Voltage – V – Potential to Move Charge (volts)
• Current – I – Charge Movement (amperes or amps)
• Resistance – R – V = IxR (R in =ohms)
• Power – P = IxV = I2xR (watts)
 Electric Motor
Electrical Mechanical
Energy
M Energy
 Electric Generator
Mechanical Electrical
Energy
G Energy
 Magnetic Force On A Current – Carrying
Conductor
• The magnetic force (F) the conductor experiences is equal to
the product of its length (L) within the field, the current I in
the conductor, the external magnetic field B and the sine of
the angle between the conductor and the magnetic field. In
short

F= BIL (sin)
 The torque (T) for a multi-turn coil

where:
• B = magnetic flux density caused by the stator field
• K = constant depending on coil geometry
• Iw = current in the wire
• α = angle between B and the normal to the plane of the coil
 The force on a current-carrying conductor in
a magnetic field:
• When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, there is an interaction between the magnetic field
produced by the current and the permanent field, which
leads to a force being experienced by the conductor:
• The magnitude of the force on the conductor depends on the
magnitude of the current which it carries. The force is a maximum
when the current flows perpendicular to the field (as shown in
diagram A on the left below), and it is zero when it flows parallel to
the field (as in diagram B, on the right):
Fleming’s left-hand rule
• The directional relationship of I in the
conductor, the external magnetic field and the
force the conductor experiences

I
B
F
 Motion of a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field

F Rotation
I

N L R
S
brushes F
Commutator
(rotates with
coil)
Vertical position of the loop:
Rotation

N S
 Electric Motor
• An electromagnet is the basis of an electric
motor
• An electric motor is all about magnets and
magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create
motion.
• Opposites attract and likes repel. Inside an
electric motor, these attracting and repelling
forces create rotational motion.
• A motor is consist of two magnets.
 Parts of the Motor
• Armature or rotor
• Commutator
• Brushes
• Axle
• Field magnet
• DC power supply of some sort
Construction of motor
Motor Illustration
 Armature
• The armature is an
electromagnet made by coiling
thin wire around two or more
poles of a metal core.
• The armature has an axle, and
the commutator is attached to
the axle.
• When you run electricity into
this electromagnet, it creates a
magnetic field in the armature
that attracts and repels the
magnets in the stator. So the
armature spins through 180
degrees.
• To keep it spinning, you have to
change the poles of the
electromagnet.
 Commutator and Brushes
• Commutator is simply a pair of plates attached
to the axle. These plates provide the two
connections for the coil of the electromagnet.
• Commutator and brushes work together to let
current flow to the electromagnet, and also to
flip the direction that the electrons are flowing
at just the right moment.
• The contacts of the commutator are attached to the axle of the
electromagnet, so they spin with the magnet. The brushes are just
two pieces of springy metal or carbon that make contact with the
contacts of the commutator.
Spinning Armature
Example of Motor
 TORQUE/SPEED CURVES
• In order to effectively design with D.C. motors, it is necessary
to understand their characteristic curves. For every motor,
there is a specific Torque/Speed curve and Power curve.
• The graph above shows a torque/speed curve of a typical
D.C. motor.
• Note that torque is inversely proportional to the speed of
the output shaft. In other words, there is a tradeoff between
how much torque a motor delivers, and how fast the output
shaft spins.
• The stall torque, s, represents the point on the graph at
which the torque is a maximum, but the shaft is not
rotating.
• The no load speed, n, is the maximum output speed of the
motor (when no torque is applied to the output shaft).
Torque, Power vs Speed
 Losses
The various losses are classified as follows:
Losses
 The Efficiency of the DC Motor
• To calculate a motor's efficiency (), the mechanical output power is
divided by the electrical input power:

 = (Pm/Pe)100%

where  is energy conversion efficiency, Pe is electrical input power,

and Pm is mechanical output power.

• In simplest case Pe = VI, and Pm = Tω, where V is input voltage, I is

input current, T is output torque, and ω is output angular velocity. It
is possible to derive analytically the point of maximum efficiency. It
is typically at less than 1/2 the stall torque.
• Power output motor:
Pout = T . W
• T = torque
• W (rad/s) = w rpm * (2.phi/60)

• Power input : Vin. Iin

 The Efficiency of the DC Motor
• Increasing the number of turns in the coil
• Increasing the strength of the current
• Increasing the area of cross-section of the coil
• Increasing the strength of the radial magnetic field