Networking and Internetworking Devices: Unit - 4

Unit - 4
Networking and Internetworking

Devices
Networking and Internetworking devices: repeaters; bridges; routers; gateways;
routing algorithms – Distance vector routing; link state routing;
Transport Layer: Duties of the transport layer; connection; OSI transport protocol.
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Connecting Devices

Connecting Devices and the OSI Model

Five categories of connecting devices

HUBS Acts on the physical layer, Operate on bits rather than frames
Also called multiport repeater
Used to connect stations adapters in a physical star topology but logically bus
Connection to the hub consists of two pairs of twisted pair wire one for
transmission and the other for receiving.
Hub receives a bit from an adapter and sends it to all the other adapters without
implementing any access method.
does not do filtering (forward a frame into a specific destination or drop it) just it
copy the received frame onto all other links
The entire hub forms a single collision domain, and a single Broadcast domain
◦ Collision domain: is that part of the network (set of NICs) when two or more nodes
transmit at the same time collision will happen.
◦ Broadcast domain: is that part of the network (set of NIC) where each NIC can 'see' other
NICs' traffic broadcast messages.
Multiple Hubs can be used to extend the network length
For 10BaseT and 100BaseT the maximum length of the connection between an
adapter and the hub is 100 meters  the maximum length between any two nodes is
200 m = maximum network length

Interconnecting with hubs
Backbone hub interconnects LAN segments
Advantage:
◦ Extends max distance between nodes
Disadvantages
◦ Individual segment collision domains become one large collision
domain  (reduce the performance)
◦ Can’t interconnect different Ethernet technologies(like 10BaseT &
100BaseT) because no buffering at the hub

Hub are different than repeaters in the following:
The provide network management features by gathering information

about the network and report them to a monitoring host connected to the
hub so some statistics about the network (bandwidth usages, collision rates,
average frame sizes) can be generated.
If an adapter is not working the hub can disconnect it internally and the
network will not be affected.

1. Repeaters
A physical layer device the acts on bits not on frames or packets
Can have two or more interfaces
When a bit (0,1) arrives, the repeater receives it and regenerates
it, the transmits it onto all other interfaces
Used in LAN to connect cable segments and extend the
maximum cable length  extending the geographical LAN
range
◦ Ethernet 10base5 – Max. segment length 500m – 4 repeaters (5
segments) are used to extend the cable to 2500m)
◦ Ethernet 10Base2- Max. segment length 185m - 4 repeaters (5
segments) are used to extend the cable to 925m
Repeaters do not implement any access method
◦ If any two nodes on any two connected segments transmit at
the same time collision will happen

A Repeater in the OSI Model

A Repeater

Function of a Repeater

A Bridge in the OSI Model

A Bridge

2. Bridge
Acts on the data link layer (MAC address level)
Used to divide (segment) the LAN into smaller LANs segments, or to
connect LANs that use identical physical and data link layers protocol (see
figure in next slide) Each LAN segment is a separate collision domain
Bridge does not send the received frame to all other interfaces like hubs and
repeaters, but it performs filtering which means:
Whether a frame should be forwarded to another interface that leads to
the destination or dropped
This is done by a bridge table (forwarding table) that contains entries for the
nodes on the LAN
The bridge table is initially empty and filled automatically by learning
from frames movements in the network
An entry in the bridge table consists of : Node LAN (MAC) Address,
Bridge Interface to which the node is connected to, the record
creation time
A bridge runs CSMA/CD before sending a frame onto the link not like the
hub or repeater
Bridge frame handling is done in software

Function of a Bridge

Types of bridges:
A bridge must have a look-up table that contains the
physical address of every station
Simple bridge:
Most primitive and least expensive type of bridges
A simple bridge links two segments and contains a table
The table contains the physical address of every station connected to it.
If a station is added the table must be modified by adding its address
Installation and maintenance are time consuming
Multi port bridge:

It is used to connect more than two LANs

Multiport Bridge
The bridge has three tables, each holding the physical address of
stations reachable through the port
Transparent bridges:
They build a table of addresses (bridging table) as they
receive packets.
If the address is not in the bridging table, the packet is
forwarded to all segments other than the one it came from.
This type of bridge is used on ethernet networks.
Spanning tree algorithm:

An algorithm which prevents looping when two LANs are
connected by more than one bridge.
Source routing: The sender explicitly send the rout of the
packet.

A Router in the OSI Model

3. Routers
Operates at network layer = deals with packets not frames

Routers relay packets among multiple interconnected network
Acts like normal stations on a network, but have more than one network
address (an address to each connected network)
Deals with global address ( network layer address (IP)) not local address
(MAC address)
Routers Communicate with each other and exchange routing information
Determine best route using routing algorithm by special software installed
on them
Forward traffic if information on destination is available otherwise discard it
(not like a switch or bridge)

Routers in an internet: here 5 networks are connected with routers.
Router receives packet from one network and determine which of its
connected networks is the best next relay point for the packet.
After identifying the best rout it passes the packet to the nearby router.
That router checks the destination address and passes the packet
A Gateway in the OSI Model

Gateway

4. Gateway
A gateway is a node (router) in a computer network, a key stopping point for data
on its way to or from other networks. Thanks to gateways, we are able to
communicate and send data back and forth.
The Internet wouldn't be any use to us without gateways (as well as a lot of
other hardware and software).
In a workplace, the gateway is the computer that routes traffic from a workstation
to the outside network that is serving up the Web pages.
For basic Internet connections at home, the gateway is the Internet Service
Provider that gives you access to the entire Internet.

Example of an Internet

Routing Algorithms
1.Distance Vector Routing

2.Link State Routing (also Dijkstra)

1. Concept of Distance Vector Routing

Distance Vector Routing Table

Routing Table Distribution

Updating Routing Table for Router A

Final Routing Tables

2. Concept of Link State Routing

Cost in Link State Routing

Link State Packet

Flooding of A’s LSP

Link State Database

Costs in the Dijkstra Algorithm

Shortest Path Calculation, Part I

Shortest Path Calculation, Part II

Shortest Path Calculation, Part III

Shortest Path Calculation, Part IV

Shortest Path Calculation, Part V

Shortest Path Calculation, Part VI

Figure 21-31, Part VII
Shortest Path Calculation, Part VII

Shortest Path Calculation, Part VIII

Shortest Path Calculation, Part IX

Shortest Path Calculation, Part X

Shortest Path Calculation, Part XI

Figure 21-31, Part V
Shortest Path Calculation, Part XII

Shortest Path Calculation, Part XIII

Routing Table for Router A

Transport Layer
1.Duties of the transport layer.

2.Connection.
3.OSI transport protocol.


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Unit - 4

Networking and Internetworking

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The provide network management features by gathering information

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Multi port bridge:

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Spanning tree algorithm:

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Operates at network layer = deals with packets not frames

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1.Distance Vector Routing

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Shortest Path Calculation, Part VII

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Shortest Path Calculation, Part XII

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1.Duties of the transport layer.

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