STOICHIOMETRY

Chemical Stoichiometry 
It is the quantitative relation between the
number of moles (and therefore mass) of various
products and reactants in a chemical reaction.

It is the calculation of the quantities of

material/s consumed and produced in
a chemical reaction
Chemical reactions must be
balanced, or in other words, must
have the same number of various
atoms in the products as in the
reactants.
MOLE – abbreviated as mol
- counting unit of chemist
A mole of a substance is defined as the mass of
substance containing the same number of
fundamental units as there are atoms in exactly
12.000 g of 12C.
1.0 mole of any substance = molar mass
of the substance
1.0 mol H = 1.0 g
1.0 mol O2 = 32.0 g
1.0 mol NH3 = 17.0 g
1.0 mol H2SO4 = 98.0 g
1.0 mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023
particles(atoms/molecules)
***6.02 x 1023 particles = Avogadro’s number

MOLAR MASS (MOLECULAR WEIGHT) is the

mass in grams of one mole of a substance
Ex. H2O H = 1.00 g/mol O = 16.0 g/mol
MM = (2x 1.00) + (1 x 16.0) = 18.0 g/mol
A silicon chip used in an integrated circuit
of a microcomputer has a mass of 5.68 mg.
How many silicon (Si) atom are present in
this chip? (atomic weight Si = 28.1 g/mol)

No. of Si atoms =
= 5.68 mg x 1.00 g x 1.00 mol x 6.02 x 1023 atoms
1000mg 28.1 g 1.00 mol
= 1.22x1020atoms
Americium is an element that does not
occur naturally. It can be made in very
small amounts in a device called
particle accelerator. Compute the
mass, in grams of a sample of
Americium (Am) containing 6.0 atoms.
(atomic weight Am = 243 g/mol)
Wt. of Am =
=6.0 atoms x 1.0 mol x 243 g
6.02 x 1023 atoms 1.0 mol
= 2.4 x 10-21 g
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS

It is the percentage by mass contributed by each

element in a substance
% by mass of element
= atomic weight of element x 100%
molar mass of compound

% by mass of element
= weight of element _ x 100%
total weight of compound
Determine the % by mass of hydrogen and
oxygen in H2O. (AW H = 1.0 O = 16)
% by mass H = 2 (1.0 g) x 100% = 11 %
18 g
 
% by mass O = 16 g x 100% = 89 %
18 g
 DETERMINING THE FORMULA OF A
COMPOUND
Empirical Formula - a formula giving the
proportions of the elements present in a compound
- shows the simplest whole number ratio of
atoms in a compound

Molecular Formula - a formula giving the number

of atoms of each of the elements present in one
molecule of a specific compound
- the exact formula of a molecule giving the
type of atoms and the number of each type
Steps in determining the empirical formula:

Since mass percent gives the number of a

particular element per 100 grams of compound,
base the calculation on 100 grams of compound.
Each percent will then represent the mass in
grams of that element present in the compound.
Determine the number of moles of each
element present in 100 grams of compound
using the atomic weight of the element present
in the compound
Divide each value of the number of moles
by the smallest of the values. If each
resulting number is a whole number (after
appropriate rounding), these numbers
represents the subscripts of the elements
in the empirical formula.
If there numbers obtained in the previous step
are not whole numbers, multiply each number
by an integer so that the results are whole
numbers.
Steps in determining the molecular formula:

Method 1
Obtain the empirical formula
Compute the empirical formula mass
Calculate the ratio: f = molar mass _
empirical formula mass
The integer from the previous step represents the
number of the empirical formula units in one molecule.
When the empirical formula subscripts are multiplied
by an integer, we obtain the molecular formula
Method 2
Using the mass percent and the molar
mass, determine the mass of each element
present in 1.0 mole of the compound.
Determine the number of moles of each
element present in 1.0 mole of the
compound.
The integers from the previous step
represent the subscript in the molecular
formula.
 Example
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contains 40.92% C,
4.58% H, and 54.50 % O by mass. What is the
empirical formula of ascorbic acid?
Solution: Assume that there are 100
grams of ascorbic acid.
In 100 g of ascorbic acid, we have
40.92 g C, 4.58 g H, and 54.50 g O.
Calculate the number of moles of each element in 100 g of the compound.

mole C = 40.92 g x 1 mol C = 3.407 mol C

12.01 g C
mole H = 4.58 g H x 1 mol H = 4.54 mol H
1.008 g H

mole O = 54.50 g O x 1 mol O = 3.406 mol O

16 .0 g O
We determine the simplest whole-number ratio
of moles by dividing each number of moles by
the smallest number of moles, 3.406.

C = 3.407 = 1 H = 4.54 = 1.33

3.406 3.406
O = 3.406 = 1
3.406
The ratio obtained: C : H : O = 1 : 1.33 : 1
The ratio of H is far from 1, this
suggests that we multiply the ratio
by 3 to get a whole number
C : H : O = 3(1 : 1.33 : 1) =
3 : 4 : 3
• E.F C3H4O3
 Example
Ethanol, the alcohol contained in alcoholic
beverages, is composed of 52.2 % C, 13.0 % H, and
34.8 % O by mass. Its molar mass is 46.0 g/mol.
What is its empirical formula and its molecular
formula?
Element weight Atomic Mole ratio
weight
C 52.2 12.01 4.346 2

H 13.0 1.008 13.00 6

O 34.8 16.00 2.175 1

E.F. C2H6O
E.F. weight = 46.0 g/mol
f = 46.0 = 1 M.F. C 2H6O
46.0

Method 2:
C = 52.2 x 46.0 = 2
12.0 x 100
H = 13.0 x 46.0 = 6 O = 34.8 x 46.0 = 1
1.00 x 100 16.0 x 100
M.F. C2H6O
 Formula of a Hydrate

Hydrate – a compound in which a fixed

number of water molecules are
associated
It is composed of an anhydrous salt
and water of hydration
 Example
A sample of MgSO4 .xH2O weighing 8.129 g is
heated until all the water of hydration is driven
off. The resulting anhydrous compound, MgSO4
weighs 3.967 g. What is the formula of the
hydrate?
weight hydrate = weight of anhydrous salt + weight of
water of hydration, H2O

8.129 g MgSO4 xH2O = 3.967 g MgSO4 + weight of water of

hydration

weight of water of hydration = 8.129 g – 3.967 g = 4.162 g

mole of MgSO4
= 3.967 gMgSO4 x 1 mole
120.41 g
= 0.03295 mole = 1
0.03295 mole

mole of H2O = 4.162 g x 1 mole =

18.0 g
= 0.2312 mole = 7 = x
0.03295mole
MgSO4●7 H2O
 Example
Determine the formula of the hydrate of Na2SO3
that contains almost 50.0% H2O by mass.
Assume 100 g of hydrate:
Compound Weight Molecular Mole Ratio
wt

Na2SO3 50.0 126.06 0.397 1

H2O 50.0 18.0 2.78 6.99 = 7

Na2SO3. 7 H2O