CHEMICAL BONDS: THE TIES

THAT BIND
In compounds, atoms are held
together by forces known as chemical
bonds.

Electrons play a key role in chemical

bonding.
 LEWIS THEORY
Electrons, especially those of the outermost
(valence) electronic shell play a fundamental
role in chemical bonding.
Chemical bonding results from the
transfer of one or more electrons from
one atom to another. This leads to the
formation of positive and negative ions
and a bond type as ionic.
Chemical bonding results from the mutual
sharing of electrons between atoms. This
leads to the formation of molecules having a
bond type called covalent.

The transfer or sharing of electrons occurs to the

extent that each atom involved acquires an
especially stable electron configuration. Often
this configuration is that of the noble (inert) gas,
that is, involving eight outer electrons, an octet.
LEWIS SYMBOL
The Lewis symbol of an element
consists of the common chemical
symbol, surrounded by a number of
dots
LEWIS STRUCTURE
This is a combination of Lewis symbols
representing the transfer or sharing of
electrons in a chemical bond.
 IONIC BONDING
An ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons
between a metal and a nonmetal. In this transfer, the
metal atom becomes a positively charges ion (cation)
and the nonmetal, a negatively charged ion (anion).

The nonmetal gains a sufficient number of

electrons to produce an anion with a noble gas
configuration.
A formula unit of an ionic compound is
the smallest collection of ions that is
electrically neutral. The formula unit is
obtained automatically when the Lewis
structure is written
11Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
8O 1s2 2s2 2p4
xx
Na●→ x O xx → [Na]+1[O]-2[Na]+1
Na●→ x
 COVALENT BONDING

This is a chemical bond that involves the sharing

of electrons.
It is a bond found between two nonmetals.
A. NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND
occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons
with each other
POLAR COVALENT BOND
 is a type of chemical bond where a
pair of electrons is unequally
shared between two atoms.
 xx xx
H● + x Clxx → H─ Clxx
xx xx
 METALLIC BONDING
It is a force that holds atoms together in a 
metallic substance. Such a solid consists of
closely packed atoms.
The outermost electron shell of each of the
metal atoms overlaps with a large number of
neighboring atoms. As a consequence, the
valence electrons continually move from one 
atom to another and are not associated with any
specific pair of atoms.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

These are the forces of attraction or repulsion

which act between neighboring particles (atoms,
molecules, or ions ).
Dipole -dipole interactions occur when the
partial charges formed within one molecule are
attracted to an opposite partial charge in a
nearby molecule