Revisiom

Cor r o i O Y

Physio ption (ad sorption)

This leads
to Surfae Coveraqe be themital /elecro che m a
2 Teactlon (an
chemiS0rption
reactjon betwecn
betwee
phytio Chemica to surfaG driyt
leada
CovYOS0n

that
metal and iti enviypnment ftimul,
tion in reiponae
to external
0da
dcg
of metal and may lad
in chanqe In proptrti4
Raul
Resutt
to impaiYment
f funct ionality of metal

nt
Gold dotan CoY YOde much but in aqua eqia (HC HNo1:2)
environ ment J importan
Thiiwhy

(ontinur

electivcly
0diorb on metal fu fat
ien a nd h idiy oxid
0 molet u ls (10U1ce of oxid
Thy Cmave H,
unutable and in trca4cs di kets growtr
mak OX1de
C C1
I that acflvcly ditsolvca
metal chlovidu
Caluo lso formtha mttal

Thi le ads o pftinq9 COYI0J I On

EfFett of Mo, Ni.CY

s t a b i l 1 u s

#Stainuas teel Aw ten

te Jtabr
li z t 7

Ferri be
300
Auaten itic Nb addsd
N V
30 SS 0 02 T formu TiC
Mo
316 S 2-3 °
t
to 0-03.
Cz0-0 /, Yedu Ged
3 04L 23Cr+6C (,
316 L

enui 7atlorn

ouri In rfee hile heat trcafmint

Dtfoj | 9 n
M i1ueyiiteslatc
fntY ibufe4 o Ym1!frurtu/t

yt tgn CaYimproVe ptthhrg

 Formu of CDYoion

Uniform Cororio GeneYa Corre f1on)

furte
i n epa ya ble, indutingu
u hablu an ods -g thada

Rate of measu yement

Gravimeri Method
Aco lerated method

Planned inter ya
DC techniqu

shudy Ciar
mila pt year py)
thofmm 9ain in

thickni
Am ma
#Deaign(orforion
data regarding
mP Unitrm CorrOJton
grama per day
gmd

Exptal proedwrt
MS Aper ime nt
Metall oq rapag
MS Polirh
and initial masu W)
artoa

etting up envio Yment Gnd pla.o the tam ple

time duration of dtudy
obyve at fied biu intervalu

Steel with Va Ti , u in imali am nt colird

Cortorsteal /weathoring steel forma a At laye
rwt
i pYoet tive avd adha Yinq.
ttoFtun (alie d p Atina Yathey than Yst
r. 0a1 gain /Load pLotted 04 f(t)
i n wi
o rter tec

Cofipn char
Tridin

0utdr /phiI sbud epojth mattr ial t di ffercn

Y n mertal Cond
 EcharaterI7aio nn'quRA o idatfy th effect a
alloyng elemonti

Vuita (haatfri7ofion

SEM
Ps (XRay P'holoplectren pertio fpy
EDSEnegy Diipcslve petsilory
AES (A uq sphotlupy)
TF SIMS ( m e of fliqh)
(see onda y n mau pee tro ffopy )
APT AtomieProbe tovio qraphy
hnms aupectu art u d ied
Pmiysi Or)
TnductIvely (oupled plaima optieaipe
TP- 0ES ctrof
Astruut ive method

Pitting COYTOS1On

LLocaiized rroJ1O
(a th od
uished anode
-

ble /AIting
JepaQ
pasulVe dystema (y.
3s ovide layey)
ten in
i
pittnq C a c t i a4 dip assivntorr
tyironmental Jpe(fic:
highy fur the OX ide br mation
hiwlii

undom and unpredictable

in(ubaHion tirM vayie days to ycars)
hailuyt i (atas trophic
MEtha1J
0

ut to hit'to qen tifia

i t eiherqro w OY

MYepagtiva tel ode pendin

on the fa plu

(atYiods

uH 1
moves on to anodi art a
Arta sf anrd a rta effe (t)
Arte (atrode CunfavOli rnble
rote of C mevemert 0H
 He not ata ble
HON H
hydlyats and f.ma hiydaxide
at 4oH
H 0 t

Th u )(alled elf -induud selt ppgce

and aub (ataigh
bsttom t reducu duu b H
p at irhu
diffeytmtial devn fon e
At pit ov )
difereit
p i of gravity
Pgrowi in the divection

Pitting orrosten Juuctptibilihy

7at) added to aruley ate
FeCl i
ualy
he Yeattion. Tem ptrature
is aluo va ied
a nd
Hc wi Find uniform Corrol10) 0CLarin9
Mcad uyyc th thitknu , d. tterinhse
Weauo
Find pbí and thweugh chara
e find dapth. P
inf about pithing fus ayti bility
P/a give

Anath Fut iu th alulg

bon of pit dinaiy
(pb ptY unit ayea) A
atuo find avca of the afeo meaaUrth
f
B (Earea) of pikr
all
(1 cmfo pit urui
Leaa h aa Fratthon , bt Her NCOXOion

Afte thi dupth of bhe ptu ave Calalated C

Thi tut itondardijed as ASTM G46-94
have tv be undir chod bo mae
Al h1tu param eter
OntluVt Ttmar ka onPt)nq Yeaiutan

pTti Ytlta n & qui valent number

(PREN
ufau finith o metal woU ld influen u th pittin
Ttalho g. fmou hr iur tae would have hight pi'tting
TC4ToYG
a ftatk fn I8-8
ev tc (o1d wothinq inrea4 piin
n it chlovidu solution
 304 and
3 16 S exposed to stnitiz.
fo P lttinq attack. fempera ture Gre
(uAceptible

PREN 7, Crt 3:3 Mo t 05 . W)+ 16 (U.N

Jurfa@4 p lcsser han ground furfa to
polished
MO N n ase pittiog
304 SS CY 17-19 5 816/316L CY16S -i9r
0-11 N 0-1
N
PREN 17-20-8 M 20-2 r
PREN 231 22 5 .

tem p and
Yes pond temp.
to fensitilation
3o4 and 316 S Cris dlp lu ted
ius uptibbt t pihng ara(k (be caMmae
Ceom
and hen u Cor YoJ1om in Yeagen)
matriX
fomation in N
TiC
acti a anods
Ca thode T disJelves and

N enYithtd fo ma TiC
arou nd TIC

u b TÍ forming
TiC
reuItana
o gtnei hu a ffect Pbting f(mation
hLter
MnS in steel and piE
inaèrt imae
00juA /em' (Ciitiat
va lur
1mV (rCan potermtiodlynamie
Yate) polarira tion
revre
th tTet

cycle

pottntioAy ngmi
POlaisation

Log (A tm")
Paat
potemtia ta llan
fo pittinq reyd.itu the
i l 0 0MA cm
until a Crital pottntia Jurh that
1 the
the oop meyc
Thu tnt yt 1J Ye yCed. maller
ittinq tayno.
This4 a lld yclic polarisahiin
 Avea

clectro p a s i v e

ElN Teg ion

(Atan Yate
foy 1vi Je
ib,rtv (yle
(highevtha 1mV s
houinq tha
h u nothealed

Aominant

Eprot
Epp

Loq A cm-)

with mere alloyimq levnunt h arc a of

For pittinq in volveod
wth the hovg
h Loop a t t s eNolutio in the
(ovT Capondu to Xygen
CaY yent in troñapaAJIVe Tgon
fov m of bubblea
oXidation of mttal
,

CuYYe nt a 0 Con Yca punds

0Xidation Fate
(liu Fet bo Fet)
higha

CoYoon
Prevenf pithng
chemisbYy
Alloying eement
micto sU ucture

Coatinq theuld not have defeets)

Converion Coatings
3C T.acidity
hould be ow

Cothodiand Anodi prokecEton

u uta
ma
13ution but

for Ced
,tevtoo t ution/

active stea on u faa to

Trhibi o a d d ition blot ( vojc pitiny
Chornatee
LNitratu, m oly bdotes, (Yal amott nt
Should b d dad in
 in
316 16 SS
1o'7, ut feCl,
pt in hou1 4
3% NaND
Lplt I 25 yeay

(011OS|On
Cevie
lotoli trd
arvatron
(e ||
Dil/1on CorfoSiorn

pccti Pitfing
a4

not as emioY Mtnt

metal
activc arnd attivelp asu IVe
Oc in olh
Syitem
n noblc mrta ls
Also 0( CUys

Man made, bascd

ondeiign
the washer
in
(0s of nut-bolf
c c n

males i r e viCA
iting own
mot ofer
(reviu genyallhy shallavpittng wil
hav d p pi
pit

shallow

Mec hantsm

NaCt Po, 1
2

Jtagna tion
M M +ne
40H
Tectrfy 0, t 2H20t 4e
(due t
oRR Cat bi on )

ditfeYen tial ae ati on Cell

E,RTIn [oH]4
Po cty as Cathecd
A it u ff1t o

anodle ( i m a I 0Yta)

he Ya te Pvn
InCaJeA
 Tdentify po (fvtu

COyoidn

uffi iot
eleholyte

pO
(Ye Vi C
(or To ton
a t e r inlutnong
parame ter In flutnro
TCottiand elctrohu mita l
(YYIC (oYOStn YtAStane

metals and alloys

that reodily
rrodily
omnent in
ad also 1n p1CA Cma
Pa4Ivate

Cre viu (or (041 On

fayameter reAutar
(uti cal anodi 1
(uWEnt dunay

PaasVC potenha E 1
Yang
Actiye pottn tial

Solution 1Cagta no S

(yevia idth

(oTYDSion reslu tana Can be achieyed

CYeyio
Optimum
for Qcbive -pasi VC metal by having
Na1D altive padslve Teq 10n
A mall cibca
(uYemt dinsuby
3 An extendad paAdlye req1on
Ti and high Ni allous posfeslhigh corTYo41 Dn Yeu 1tana

Pt event Crevia COYY OSIon

aLbernative for Yivet and

wtldad butt jointi a n
bolted juint p10 per wclding ifh (omp lete penutration
t av01d pofosty and (YCVI A inicle
rtyie in lap jinti by o they precesding
Avid
For
arP
Cam pltte
dgea
dai ag
and, mak fuy
avovd (hoq nativn
vCJuela ayC deiqna
petipn and
Rrqulo 14
romova of oeptits
olid Ap efvnna ould dentified anod rcmovecd
Autd t po(hinq for loq thme stor aqe
 US soid non abi01 bent qaske t tke Tef lon

Relah CLulnt ( t t a k In
naturl at
lmtr,

A v e , Pf
400 S i t4 a t h t t 4 In
fyeh wafey
0 0 - 2oo

316

(YCVIC (OYYO 0h index

(CcI Stheicher
elee trolyte 05 Fet1,
0-05 Na

xD
no. of dap th of
ites a tta tk

Spceid type of (rCvie oy YOfipn

filamentary (011 0flom

undit fTm CoYoJlov

Fili fam CoYaSIph

me tal u urfae
Filamntay CoYYD sion on

peciol form of vev ile (orverith

appea undir protective film4 a nd alao (alled
u ndtr fiIm COrYOJlun
secn 1n namt led ov latg utred Uytacea of Fo ocd
a nd beyCrag Ca na expsjed to atmoip hert.
hl Surfo ces (ovtyed wi th Ag.
Au. phi pha fe,
tee Mg
naml 0nd G C u Ceating prone
NOt dang crou but Jpoi la aut he tiw

Mcnanism:
head ancd bronn toil
l f p! o
po 9a tin9 creviCt grten Biur
thvoug h
by iwater
head isSupplied
Wnil qroin9 the of Fe on
Conc
0 thyt hiyhey
theyilo amount
H20 cmevcdat toil by o mosis aA

of l b l e produrts

0 pregrnt at
fi
puint but Con be point ' h1gha
thte 13 mofe
 Humid ity erfects f l for (orYoli
Y

(ovYo on
(Talvani CoYr010n
duilmilay me tal
(oVY0410 in
torDfIVe (o
meta wimmericd
distmar
Whn meta Is
ia difertn (urYe nt
tht potrn indua

bw meta ls wou
ld
eleetra (onnertivity
Flos Talvani)
e euld Corvode faatey
Cov oIon reals ta n ta ncyotti
Metal wtth ow (0Y ofi0
reaJ
and the otheY wth hq hey thti no (o nne rhi,it
towh.en
CATDda lowl in Com pariton
and other is (athodi1
Les Yutan O amodi
potential duveloped blW 2mato
Driving fovcc for

a Curse
Not alw ay4
2 lectrodis
(primary battery
Dyy cel1 bate y raphite
(cabhode)
metala Zn (anodu)
dissi milar
+Mn0a paste
eleet roly te N HuCl
:

Aq-Cathode baait tlettrolytea

Silver battery (Zn- anodu,
In Contact
rically
utrica and ionftally
onfavou rQble a rco tffe

EMf and Gralvonr er

EHFSeC (alcutated for uni activity of thej 1o4

Teverible Condi hona,
Meta.la.
Contant btmperatuye, uYC
at

aalvanic seri
mtal falloy in ieq uater (3-5 t Na (L)
Lranks reactivty b
l be pre ent in2diferent lo(at joru
fame Mtalaloy
ot rue fov emf ferie
but
ih qalvanit erte
lcader th Mzto falloya
go p blw CoYOon
u l d driviniving for u
fov galvan
ltu
 M-Pt M -Hg avt tor gop bl metala

eveiutt

tia la of Mata la Ma M, formun (ou ple

( ein puttn (ond1nM
undt tviYon htntal
urfau f mat
od inetIA (athodt Iyn al
natur
mutal a r d i l o for an olit
Yn at srfau f
phiihve
ma ve e to
ef Ma M
riet ivt ae d4 of eluttrolyte
fo
natur and (ond uc hi ty

4che mitogalvanie toupling

PhevBitten ubca bo
ubbe
Teflon polnt
ticityital bh (pnfact (wue(ontact of mata la
the blw
cho0 acas tfet ively
het eris
irenment eFfectively

ieiettve rachi9 Dezintifi (a

ion (Dealloying
ealtoying )
lar mtta ui th dit elutho cham ta
allty th 2 diuaim Cexbain (ompeition 1imit (partinq lim1)
btyond o
ti e4
ppex
Gttiv Efa
uslvea tnviching
dissoIVeA the alloy ith
th m selttively) noblar mtal

-Au

nobe

Deting mat

Invslves 3 tteps diuolvea)

diui ol ves (zn a nd Cu
Bias
n soln
Zn 1on tay
ba 0 Yedepoftted
(upiateu
oble 7n diliolves npuYt wate
reAuctiom f H0 fo (mi nq Ha qls nd
notrequ rtd fo u tivteach ing,
f He Yiu
ennn duolufon. The p p01 ous r u tture
F1E olutwn and braJJ
e03 ontact with
4.ipt

Ctttorn
ttiv gay (ast Iron dil olvea4
 5Intrmqyonula (0odn
aYcas

a i n bound aies ac hg gy nd tn is Corrb (ton

(tiyë q
vChyYa
grain in ttr fa e s Qv
o CUT boUrv
Localised attadk at an d adjacent
fo qYln arit
qaVil ef Called Irt
with rtativcl,
ittie (ovydion
and grain fa ll4 and or logtil
dnteqrates
Alio
tength a qain boundaries wur
(aused b i m eurttiea therc
alloing plemen
o CuYf 6
hmmoit o one
hest
opty ito) bf0orle
br

Smafi amoubi of Fe in Al prc pitat

cauje
and
at qraim boln davles in
Cu
f (y graln boundary Ytqon
Deplchhn taileAS (teel
IG f 1 8 - 8 ) 4 2 7 -199 "c)
SSi pvon to IGC (
AUAtent
Whun N heat t h stee at a temp (alled stmitizati
bound ar14
thire is a dtp lttion of CY 1, grain
temP FomatloY of a2 (6.
due to neoy B (n Hq-A
magedum, nY Chmat talua pla ca, allod
L ex fol ict 1o
Stnai ti 2.ahin fom
bu difuuion of
ntar
fovma bipn of C23 intrshtia diFfus quir kuy
and
GBaicas qnd Cbeig
om CVnsc at GB.
TGC a
Pp (atiDn in og (oilye
Senu itzed steel put i an

wedium CauteA IGC

reduceavoid IGC

low (avbon ConFent

reatmunt
pproprt'ate
heat
fast Loo Ling rates or

Add carbidu stabilitur to aYrat

formatio n of (r6
Nb.T,V (347 Ss,321 SS)
HAZHea Carbidus boer than Cr
Affe ted
foy m fomd beth involy
Lrtabiliwd cte cla arc
FOY Ymat10n tf

knife in Attack
Weid Decay v
tabilid fr
unatabilid s
OwO hom wtld near weld nUgget
(narrow)
ugget
aPpe avs C a Li'ne
mYpCY hcat
treatymtm
a r e u l t of elding
 t e rd mi1truttu
DiteheA mit(ytue
meo dLGB not intat
Lnot tnntted potly7 l ) a h 7ec
Senith Tel
s1gme phaa foxmalio

Mo h i n r i ttalth pha
L
Sennhation

ype r Type lo, moli vn

( formatlon I g m phns

PoiIUnDU to
Drgte
f Jenatt 7af1on pC4SIvati.

t 0-0I HSSN at Robm Temo.

0-5 HJo,
J4
Eleatolyte
to TG( and seninti 7ation
seni7at ion
Tdrnt poblem rinted
Jcan
Aprlication o f o t e n t i o
dy na mil
sabii.e OP (hold
hold for
for 2 min)
Allo t m o v i nq
to E
Juy Fa by (er tain ( can
ce
Ptasivate 0(P at a
hYom Ep to
aonn potCntial Tate
Scan
be activated
NOu ld
fondum ption which ii du to duJolutior
Avea rtlated charG
a t 8 Areas
Qrta
mrc th earfita biin
h kinctie rrac hiva tio
EIcctrochemiua Po ten ho
MoyC

loep E PR:
Single du ple tion
A r C a a of Cr
will Mot paLiivate
a
uthe1.
ega ly
ctivatjon
rea
Hen ce while
thas
TEVCrdCCy le,
OY
will hghtr
show
arcaA
(uret clunuty and th
YCY.Cytu startu above ECp
W dircctly qe to Ep
wgi A (m)
aFtor saying at ocP
ithout PD SCan in r o
DoutlLoop EPR direction.

PD
Herc uc pe for m
both forHard
J(an in
bertNarcd (ylu
take
hels uA
pta
n to a ( (ois nt and
(9 nomAlize g'nn

(A L )
 Stre ss oy 1osid ra Ckinq
(Drost
strca and
Conjoint effect of
d u r to raidual dreaes qra thu in
than th ahala
n a t u e
iftheseshtas at fn4sle M e t , wC Jel
a (vY 03IVe
thid

environ
euf
Valu in

tenaile threhod
Tt will undego failure

3/u/ 22
DegreetSensllvity

then it t prone
L , if< o-o 5
senAtzá tlon

SCC
L n yronmen peifiC
L
hrahaldcahold -3 SCIn (0usbi/
Suiceetibu to
Falloyt of fc (cteel
aYe
benn Le trcas
of
alkaline nviron ment
in t h pf Cen ta
15 4 C
wu ld have
at
304J S expoed in boiling MqCl2
eq matral at 643°C
srength valut f
of ffeel
(vackin9 of Bras, (austic embri tlement
05Scao
Strta + CoYds\Dn Jynuri tfhe (t boiler xplode
in naburc d uring ttam bagcd
Catasyophic
locomotiycs, failurt
viron rment Jputje to cracu or
dut
med 1a , not in NH
eSS (ratlu
n
C bYitthe rivtt holer
LBa doban 'E ak in ( mcelta Cauxttic depo its
cratk in HNo3, H2f0L or ab thee area4
SS duesn't
HatY but în C1 and Cautbic
en viro munt.

Wydwtu ntlding indue in t nal freasen ?

nyolvca melfinc iey m etal and oining9
tlding it rolidhtiu
metalshae ts. 0n u meled Afller fill gap,
ot atpma dule b 9urtk
qMiey n d the QYranq tmunt
(0otiq m lead b iaana vesses qarejult of

A wseri teel Juatephible F scc

has (orYosD YCaidba n eof ftryhe and IfYength

Dupi
of ustersbt steel
F resistont to S.
 1ranAqranular and Inftrqranu lar s

dep erd t mYo by uc tuye

in trqranu la

yds
dur prtCipita fe
/le r. por tit h)
gv nular

ted (rro1on
Str qvowth /tregi
ngJilfed (1a asi

pasyAfien ine tic a ffcet SCc

TO adding Inhibito rs
hiu f matr1t EnvityY mun
A alloy4 Nal-H 0, NaCl fol", sea ua ter
Ammbnia Ypouri| tol®a, amine4
(u alloy
Fcvi hloride atetit atid
Au alloya
Da tiona
(au fol u
En(on
O1dinayy ter l4 Na 0l H, Sca watty
steam
S Acid chlor ile, Jea warCr, H,
and Chloride
Ti acid and
Fuming niyic
methanol and HCI
atodpeter
cathodit protection FOrest
ra che
#Hydroqen embr iftlermen
[out (&4 Corrosion (HER), pickling procasu /etehing, welding praai
electd platinq /elecho depof IE1 on (aYC)
Cathodit prottcdion
(1 P Duru of hydrog Om entry)
pfcktiv emoval of ca from Ju fae of metal after heat
rcat nt.
aftex hydrogen fro
balg prous ele ctro plat ing b remove m

meta

1afel wa than is m: formaf 1on of ad atoma

H 1
Hyalrugom ptrmaa tlon expeYImunt

recombination polon Adde d in

thiotga nide| A,03 Ppm
Ldtin anodit side

t fyrm pivSurtaw
for HER
b ii goud 0Xidiation (ata leyat
 steady

Aum 0-63
tyangitnt

ent
tanai
decay

ton bYcak haugh

involvea Dlatia Pae
We Can find
DapP .
Dapp
virDmunt
trap ribes
amt o t H in en
cex taan
phinchumi Jovpbivn
fo foYm Hod
ad
ada
ff ues threugh Jyabem
tolubilty
levti, precipitare /hydride
it tha H Conc ibeyond
tales plaa
for n atton
n britte and redu ru9y b
ZH2,
malus materi
t HIC: H ind u ed lorrou lon
c pYopa4ate rac

in vovd of ytom up on er ng
en
qa4
J tH)
Ha it urth lcading
and leqada to pTeaJuft applicatY

bltering
SCC
HE

l o r Y e t n
Cathodi pro us
tYAChing
C.wli f HE Juutepti'bility
M M "tn #prevenmfiin:
a nodve prttctlon
anodic pro tes baking
adding inhibitorr