Cross-Cultural Management

Chap1-4

Nature of culture

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 Culture

Characteristics of culture include:

• Learned
• Shared
• Transgenerational
• Symbolic
• Patterned
• Adaptive

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Chap1-5

Cultural values

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 Priorities of Cultural Values

United States Japan Arab Countries

1. Freedom 1. Belonging 1. Family security
2. Independence 2. Group harmony 2. Family harmony
3. Self-reliance 3. Collectiveness 3. Parental guidance
4. Equality 4. Age/seniority 4. Age
5. Individualism 5. Group consensus 5. Authority
6. Competition 6. Cooperation 6. Compromise
7. Efficiency 7. Quality 7. Devotion
8. Time 8. Patience 8. Patience
9. Directness 9. Indirectness 9. Indirectness
10. Openness 10. Go-between 10. Hospitality

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Management Approaches Affected
by Cultural Diversity
Centralized vs.
Decentralized Cultural Informal vs.
formal procedures
decision making
Diversity
Safety vs. risk High vs. low
organizational
loyalty

Individual vs.
group rewards Cooperation vs.
competition

Stability vs.
Sort-term vs. innovation
long-term horizons

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Summary of what we learned
last week

• Introduction to the course of cross-cultural

management and our international teaching
team
• Goals for Cross-cultural management
• Nature of culture

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 We will learn today

• A model of culture: concentric circles

• Comparing culture as a normal distribution
• Values in culture
• Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

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 A model of culture: concentric
circles
Explicit artifacts and
products of the society
Norms and values
that guide the society
Implicit, basic
assumptions that guide
people’s behavior
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Outer layer: observable,
e.g. language, food,
buildings, art.
Middle layer: helps
people understand how
they should behave.
Inner layer: intangible,
helpful for problem-
solving and well
interactions with other
people.
THANK YOUU
Dr. Kartini Istikomah SE.,MM