MR. MIKE CHRISTIAN A.

CORTEZ, LPT
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Learning outcomes:
• Explain how science and technology affected the society and
environment and vice versa.
• Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the
course of history
• Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines.
WHAT IS SCIENCE?

A concerted human effort to understand better the

history of the natural world and how it works. It is done
through observation of natural phenomena or through
experimentation that tries to simulate natural processes
under controlled conditions.
 WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY

• It is a scientific knowledge that is put into practical use to

solve problems or invent useful tools
 WHAT IS SOCIETY

• A group of individuals that are involved in a

social exchange and interaction.
HOW IS SCIENCE USED IN TECHNOLOGY?

• Science is pursuit of knowledge about the

natural world through observations and
experiments.
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• It alters the way people live, connect, communicate and transact.

• A key drivers to development and engine of growth.
WHAT DOES SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY MEAN?

Science and Technology and Society is the study of how society, politics, and
culture affect scientific research and technological innovation.
HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECT THE
SOCIETY?

• Science and technology have a major impact on society and its impact is
growing
• Science influences society through its knowledge and world view.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND
SOCIETY

• The impact of science and technology in society is evident but society also influences
science
-creating knowledge
-improving education
HISTORICAL
ANTECEDENTS

I.G.R.
ANCIENT PERIOD

❑Ancient Wheel
❑Paper
❑Shadoof
❑Antikythera Mechanism
❑Aeolipile

I.G.R.
ANCIENT TIME
THE MOST ENCOUNTERED PROBLEMS

1. Transportation and Navigation

2. Communication
3. Security and protection
4. Health
5. Architecture and Engineering
6. Mass productions
 TRANSPORTATION AND NAVIGATION

Transportation was significantly important because ancient

people need a mode of transportation for them to be able
to travel to other places to search foods and to find new
places for their safety
ANCIENT WHEEL

Before the wheel the Sumerian's

used flat bottomed structures
called "sledges". These sledges
often got stuck and could not
carry heavy loads. The Sumerians
also put the sledge on a roller
which is the picture under the
sledge. This would not work well
because they would have to keep
the sledge balanced.

I.G.R.
 ANCIENT WHEEL
• They also used something called the potter's
wheel which when the Sumerians used pots as their
wheels.
• The earliest wheels are believed to have been used
for pottery making.
• The Sumerians used the wheel to carry heavy loads
over long distances.
• The wheel was also used for battle.
• The oldest known wheel found in an archaeological
excavation is from Mesopotamia, and dates to
around 3500 BC (Bronze Age). A Mesopotamian Wheel

I.G.R.
ADVANCEMENT OF WHEEL

I.G.R.
COMMUNICATION
 COMMUNICATION

They used signals like fire and smoke for them to be able to make a signal to
their home base especially if there will be an upcoming danger or invaders.
 PAPER
• The Egyptians began to write, about 3000 BC, they wrote from
the beginning in ink, on papyrus (pah-PIE-russ)
• The Greeks and the Romans also used a lot of papyrus, all
bought in Egypt because that is where papyrus grows. But it
wasn’t cheap! One sheet of papyrus probably cost about what
$20 is worth today.
• It took 3000 years to come up with paper! Paper was invented
around 100 BC in China. In 105 AD, under the Han
Dynasty emperor Ho-Ti, a government official in China
named Ts’ai Lun was the first to start a paper-making industry.
Light
Wild
Egyptian
Hemp Papyrus
Plant

I.G.R.
 TOOLS USED BEFORE THE USE OF PAPER

• Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed

by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c.
3500-3000 BCE. It is considered the most
significant among the many cultural contributions
of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of
the Sumerian city of Uruk which advanced the
writing of cuneiform c. 3200 BCE.
• The name comes from the Latin word “cuneus”
for 'wedge' owing to the wedge-shaped style of
writing.
Mesopotamian writing- cuneiform tablets

I.G.R.
 TOOLS USED BEFORE THE USE OF PAPER

• In cuneiform, a carefully cut writing implement

known as a stylus is pressed into soft clay to produce
wedge-like impressions that represent word-signs
(pictographs) and, later, phonograms or `word-
concepts' (closer to a modern-day understanding of a
`word').
• All of the great Mesopotamian civilizations used
cuneiform until it was abandoned in favour of the
alphabetic script at some point after 100 BCE.
Mesopotamian writing- cuneiform tablets

I.G.R.
 SHADOOF / SHADUF

• Hand-operated device for lifting water, invented in ancient

times and still used in India, Egypt, and some other countries to
irrigate land.
• Typically it consists of a long, tapering, nearly horizontal pole
mounted like a seesaw. A skin or bucket is hung on a rope from
the long end, and a counterweight is hung on the short end.
• The operator pulls down on a rope attached to the long end to
fill the bucket and allows the counterweight to raise the bucket.
To raise water to higher levels, a series of shadufs are
sometimes mounted one above the other. In India the device is Shadoof, central Anatolia, Turkey
called a denkli, or paecottah.

I.G.R.
ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM

• Ancient Greek mechanical device used to calculate

and display information about astronomical
phenomena.
• The remains of this ancient “computer,” now on
display in the National Archaeological Museum in
Athens, were recovered in 1901 from the wreck of
a trading ship that sank in the first half of the 1st
century BCE near the island of Antikythera in the
Mediterranean Sea. Its manufacture is currently
dated to 100 BCE, give or take 30 years.

I.G.R.
 AEOLIPILE
• Steam turbine invented in the 1st century AD by Hero of
Alexandria and described in his Pneumatica.
• The Aeolipile was a hollow sphere mounted so that it could
turn on a pair of hollow tubes that provided steam to the
sphere from a cauldron. The steam escaped from the sphere
from one or more bent tubes projecting from its equator,
causing the sphere to revolve.
• The aeolipile is the first known device to transform steam
into rotary motion. Like many other machines of the time
that demonstrated basic mechanical principles, it was simply
regarded as a curiosity or a toy and was not used for any
practical purpose.

I.G.R.
MIDDLE PERIOD

❑Heavy Plough
❑Gunpowder
❑Paper money
❑Mechanical clock
❑Spinning wheel

I.G.R.
HEAVY PLOUGH

The heavy plow was

one of the most
influential inventions in
Medieval Europe. This
invention allowed for
the settlement of
Northern Europe and
farming of the wet clay
soil of Northern Europe.

I.G.R.
 HEAVY PLOUGH
• Before the heavy plow was invented, Northern Europe could not sustain a large
population because the soil was heavy clay and there was no technology at the
time that could turn the soil over.
• Then the heavy plow was invented, and it was the first plow that could turn over
the heavy, moist clay of Northern Europe, thus allowing for towns to start growing
in Northern Europe.
• As the towns started to grow, they realized that the clay soil was better for
farming and produced more crops. The heavy plow then lead to a 7.7% increase in
population density and 14.3% increase in urbanization between 900 AD and 1300
AD in Europe (Andersen, Jensen, and Skovsgaard 23).

I.G.R.
GUN POWDER
• In Chinese, gunpowder is called huo yao, meaning flaming
medicine. Unlike paper and printing, the birth of gunpowder was
quite accidental. It was first invented inadvertently by alchemists
while attempting to make an elixir of immortality. It was a
mixture of sulphur, saltpeter, and charcoal.
• At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was being used in
military affairs. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, frequent
wars spurred the development of cannons, and fire-arrows shot
from bamboo tubes.
• In the 12th and 13th centuries, gunpowder spread to the Arab
countries, then Greece, other European countries, and finally all
over the world.

I.G.R.
 PAPER MONEY
• First paper money was
introduced in medieval China
in the late 10th century
during the rule of the Song
dynasty (960-1279). A
sophisticated system of
production, issue and
withdrawal was gradually
developed to an admirable
perfection achieved during the
Mongol Yuan dynasty.

I.G.R.
 MECHANICAL CLOCK

• At the time of the invention of mechanical clocks, they

primary use was in the monasteries. They were typically
used to keep track of hours for daily prayers, to helps
monks calculate solar and lunar eclipses, and to
determine feast days with accuracy.

I.G.R.
 SPINNING WHEEL

• Early machine for turning fibre into thread or

yarn, which was then woven into cloth on a
loom.
• The spinning wheel was probably invented in
India, though its origins are obscure. It reached
Europe via the Middle East in the European
Middle Ages.
• It replaced the earlier method of hand spinning,
in which the individual fibres were drawn out of a mass of wool held on a stick, or
distaff, twisted together to form a continuous strand, and wound on a second stick, or
spindle.

I.G.R.
MODERN PERIOD

❑Compound microscope
❑Telescope
❑Jacquard loom
❑Engine powered airplane
❑Television

I.G.R.
 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

• The limitations of the single-lens magnifier were

apparent to scientists. They labored to develop a
practical system to increase microscope magnification.
• The next breakthrough in microscopy was the
invention of the compound microscope. While the
origin of this device and the identity of its inventor
are the subject of some debate, credit for the
invention of the compound microscope has generally
been given to Dutch optician Zacharias Janssen
(1580-circa 1638).

I.G.R.
 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
• Around 1590 Janssen reportedly stumbled upon an
idea for a multiple-lens microscope design, which he
then constructed. Though he affirmed its ability, no
record exists of Janssen actually using his invention. It
is now believed that Janssen's son fabricated the story.
• Meanwhile, Dutch scientist Cornelius Drebbel claimed
that he had constructed the first compound
microscope in 1619. The astronomer Galileo (1564-
1642) also reported using a two-lens microscope to
examine and describe the eye of an insect.

I.G.R.
 TELESCOPE

• History of telescope started in 1608 with the group

of Dutch spectacle-makers who all created first
working models of telescope at the same time.
However, credit for the creation of first one was given
to Hans Lippershey, German-born lens grinder and
spectacle maker who first managed to gain a patent
on a telescope device.
• Discovery of Hans Lippershey was popularized across
Europe not via its own design of telescope, but with
the improved design that was created by Galileo
Galilei just 2 years later.

I.G.R.
 TELESCOPE

• Even though this telescope had many limitations

(chromatic aberrations, low field of view), it was
enough for Galileo to start looking at the sky and
discovery of phases of Venus, 4 largest moons of
Jupiter, and find proof that will support astronomical
model of heliocentrism.
• The pioneers in that field were Isaac Newton who in
1668 built first practical reflecting telescope
(although it was not used much because it was very
complicated and expensive for manufacture).

I.G.R.
JACQUARD LOOM
• Before the 1800s, complex woven
designs were created by hand. This was
very labour-intensive. As a result,
patterned fabric was extremely
expensive. In 1804 Joseph-Marie
Jacquard (1752 – 1834) developed the
Jacquard Loom, which mechanised the
production of patterned textiles. The
loom contributed to the transformation
of textile weaving from a ‘cottage
industry’ run by close-knit families of
skilled workers, to a focus of mass
production on an industrial scale.
I.G.R.
 ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANE
• Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright did not invent flight, but their
craftsmanship skills helped them form the early 20th-century equivalent of a
startup.Their invention of the Flyer, which was the first crewed, powered, heavier
-than-air and controlled-flight aircraft,
brought people and ideas together like
never before.
• In just a few decades, their ideas led to
the creation of new aircraft in warfare,
assisted with the spread of goods and
people for globalization, and led to
spaceflight — including putting the first
people on the moon, in 1969.

I.G.R.
TELEVISION
• The history of the television can be dated back to the late
1800’s when inventors experimented with ways to have
signals transmitted to a receiver. In fact, the first coaxial
cable (commonly used to distribute cable TV signals) was
invented during this time. The first actual transmission of
images was successfully completed by John L. Baird in
1925, which led to rapid developments in television in
subsequent years. And, the first television system was
created by Philo Farnsworth in 1927. These early
developments led inventors down the road to rapid
improvement in the television industry.

I.G.R.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

❑Bamboo Incubator
❑Erythromycin
❑The PC chipset
❑Quick ink
❑Electronic Jeepney

I.G.R.
 BAMBOO INCUBATOR
• Doctor Fe Del Mundo (Bamboo Incubator
Inventor) – credited with studies that lead to the
invention of an improved incubator and a device to
treat jaundice. Fe del Mundo’s invention has saved
countless premature infants around the world.
• A medical incubator is an apparatus or device used
to maintain environmental conditions suitable for a
new-born baby. It is used in pre-term birth or for
some ill full-term babies. The incubator maintains
optimal temperature, humidity, and other
conditions such as the CO2 and oxygen content of
the atmosphere inside.

I.G.R.
ERYTHROMYCIN

• Abelardo Aguilar discovered the antibiotic from the

Aspergillus species of fungi in 1949 and sent samples
to Indiana-based pharmaceutical firm Eli Lilly Co.
The drug firm allegedly registered the propriety
name Iloson for the antibiotic in honor of Iloilo
province where Aguilar discovered it. Erythromycin,
the generic name of Iloson, was reportedly the first
successful macrolide antibiotic introduced in the US.

I.G.R.
THE PC CHIPSET
• Diosdado Banatao developed the
first single-chip graphical user
interface accelerator that made
computers work a lot faster. This
invention has allowed computer users
to use graphics for commands and not
the usual typed commands in older
computers. It has allowed data
processing to be a little faster using
very little space (small chips instead of
large boards).

I.G.R.
QUINK INK
• Francisco Quisumbing- He is a scientist from
the Philippines who had miraculously devised an
instant and quick drying ink, which had gained
recognition, in partnership with the makers of the
internationally-acclaimed, “Parker Pens”. “What is
so special with this Filipino ingenuity?” Basically,
this fast-drying ink is water resistant. Therefore, it
will not clog the opening of this amazing writing
instrument. Through continuous usage, it will not
blot or fade with time and age

I.G.R.
 REFERENCES:
• https://prezi.com/gcu_fafpk6e3/sumerian-invention-the-wheel/
• http://history-world.org/wheel.htm
• https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-technology/revolutionary-invention-wheel-001713
• https://quatr.us/china/invented-paper-ancient-china.htm
• https://quatr.us/africa/papyrus-ancient-egypt.htm
• https://www.ancient.eu/cuneiform/
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/shaduf
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antikythera-mechanism
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/aeolipile
 REFERENCES:
• https://sites.google.com/a/brvgs.k12.va.us/wh-15-sem-1-medieval-europe-gm/the-heavy-plow
• https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/inventions.htm#:~:text=In%20Chinese%2C%20gunpowder%20is%2
0called,make%20an%20elixir%20of%20immortality.&text=At%20the%20end%20of%20the,being%20used%20in%2
0military%20affairs.
• https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-paper-money-195167
• https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-history/medieval-inventions-list/mechanical-clock/
• https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1506.htm
• https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/compound-microscope
• http://www.historyoftelescope.com/
• https://ageofrevolution.org/200-object/jacquard-loom/
• https://www.space.com/16634-wright-brothers-first-flight.html
 REFERENCES:
• https://www.plethorist.com/who-invented-the-incubator/
• https://www.plethorist.com/top-10-filipino-inventions/