CHAPTER 1 : HISTORICAL

ANTECEDENTS IN THE
COURSE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
ANCIENT TIMES
• Transportation
• People travel for a better settlement
• Search for food
• Trade
• Travel in land and in water

• Communication
• Used to facilitate trade and prevent conflicts, misunderstanding
• Documentation
 Weapons and Warfare
• Establish new settlements and new alliances
• Risk of conflicts due to variations in culture and origin
• For defense
• For offense
• Security and protection
• Conservation of life
• Developments in the field of medicine
• Architecture and Engineering
• Mass production
• Aesthetic purposes
 SUMERIAN
CIVILIZATION
Sumer was the southernmost
region of ancient Mesopotamia
(modern-day Iraq and Kuwait)
which is generally considered the
cradle of civilization.
 CUNIEFORM
“THE GREAT LITERARY WORKS OF MESOPOTAMIA
SUCH AS THE FAMOUS EPIC OF GILGAMESH WERE
ALL WRITTEN IN CUNEIFORM.”
• Comes from the latin word cuneus
for “wedge” – wedge-shaped style
of writing
• Writing system of sumerians
• The epic of Gilgamesh – oldest type
of literature written in cunieform.
 Used to convey emotional states
such as love and adoration, betrayal
and fear, longing and hope, as well
as the precise reasons behind the
writer experiences
 URUK CITY
 Considered to be the first true
city
 Founded by king Enmerkar
around 4500 BCE.
 Famous for its great king
Gilgamesh
 First to display architectural
work that made use of clay,
mud, sun-baked bricks
 A symbol of power
 Remnants of Uruk city

A general view of the Uruk archaeological site at Warka in Iraq.

“Uruk Archaealogical site at Warka, Iraq MOD 45156521” by Photo: SAC Andy Holmes (RAF)/MOD.
 The great ziggurat of Ur

 Also called the mountains of god

 It serve as representation of the
Sumer
 Built and dedicated to the moon
god Nanna, the patron deity of
the city
 Consisted of successively smaller
platforms that had a solid core
of mud bricks and covered with
burnt bricks.
 IRRIGATION AND DIKES
 Sumerians were able to enjoy
year long farming and
harvesting – increased food
production
 Posed to solutions to the
problem of flooding and
problems on water scarcity
 SAILBOATS
 The main transportation
for sumerians to transport
large quantities of goods
 Essential in fostering
culture, information and
technology together with
the trading system
 WHEELS
 Intended for farm work and
food processes
 Makes mass production
easier
 Farmers were able to mill
grains with less effort and
time
 PLOW
 A farm technology that
enables the sumerian farmers
to dig the ground where seeds
would be planted
 It can cultivate larger parcels
of land at a faster rate thereby
increasing crop production
 ROADS
 To facilitate faster and
easier travel
 Made up of sun-baked
bricks poured with
bitumen to smoothen the
road
 Useful during the rainy
season
The hanging garden of Babylon

 Built by King Nebuchadnezzar

II (605-526 BC)
 Former wonders of the world
 A structure made up of layers
upon layers of gardens
containing several species of
plants, trees and vines.
 REMNANTS OF THE OLD
HANGING GARDENS

The believed site of the Hanging Garden of

Babylon, in the foregound, on a mound
near the ancient city of Ninevah, northern
Iraq.
 CODE OF HAMMURABI
 Set of laws in Ancient
Babylon
 Codified by Hammurabi
 Treated as the First law
book of the world
 Empowered rights over
property
RELIGION
 Babylonians were polytheist
 They believed that god take
birth, come under sorrows,
sufferings and happiness,
and death.
EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
 THE PYRAMIDS
 One of the most magnificient
man-made structures in history
 Built as tombs for the
Pharoahs and queens
 It reflects the unique role of
the Pharoahs in egyptian
society
 The great Pyramid of Giza –
built for the Pharoah Khufu.
 MUMMIFICATION
 Preservation of the body
 Sacred to the Egyptians
PAPYRUS
 From Cyperus papyrus
 For record- keeping and
communications
 For safe-keeping of
records
 Ink
 Combination of soot with
different chemicals to
produce ink of different
colors
Hieroglyphics
 Egyptians writing system
 Carved at the walls of the
pyramids and other
structures
 Keep records and history of
the Egyptians
 Composed of three basic
types of sign:
 Logograms
 Phonograms
 Determinatives
 Cosmetics
 It was regarded for both health
and aesthetic purposes
 Egyptians wore Kohl around
the eyes to prevent and even
cure eye diseases.
 Wearing of make-up was to
believed to be for protection
againts evil spirits
 Wigs were used as protection
from the sun’s rays and
prevention of head lice
infestation
 GREEK
CIVILIZATION
Water clock/clepsydra
 This utilizes gravity that affects
the flow of the water from
vessel to the other
 The amount of water
remaining in the device
determines how much time has
elapsed since it is full
 Alarm clock
 It was made use of water or
sometimes sand or pebbles that
dropped into drums which
sounded the alarm
 Plato was believed to have used
the alarm clock to signal the
start of his lecture The upper ceramic vessel supplies the next vessel through an
(appropriately calculated for every case) outflow funnel.
When the second vessel becomes full at the programmed moment
(for example after 7 hours) through the internally located axial
pipette, it evacuates fast towards the next closed vessel and forces
the contained air to come out whistling through a tube at its top.
After its function, the third vessel empties slowly (through a small
hole located at its bottom) towards the lower storage vessel in
order to be reused.
Water mill
 Commonly used for
agriculture purposes like
milling of grains which was
necessary for food
processing
 Led to production of edible
food stable like beaten rice,
cereals
 Odometer
 Used to measure
distances
 OLYMPICS
 Games were held at
Olympia
 Ancient Olympics games
were primarily a part of
religious festival in honor
of Zeus
 GEOMETRY
• They expanded the range of geometry to many new kinds of figures, curves, surfaces, and solids; they changed its methodology from trial-
and-error to logical deduction; they recognized that geometry studies "eternal forms", or abstractions, of which physical objects are only
approximations; and they developed the idea of the "axiomatic method", still in use today.

• Thales (635-543 BC) of Miletus (now in southwestern Turkey), was the first to whom
deduction in mathematics is attributed.
• Pythagoras (582-496 BC) of Ionia, and later, Italy, then colonized by Greeks, may
have been a student of Thales, and traveled to Babylon and Egypt. The theorem that
bears his name may not have been his discovery, but he was probably one of the first
to give a deductive proof of it.
• Euclid (c. 325-265 BC), of Alexandria, probably a student at the Academy founded by
Plato, wrote a treatise in 13 books (chapters), titled The Elements of Geometry, in
which he presented geometry in an ideal axiomatic form, which came to be known
as Euclidean geometry.
• Plato (427-347 BC) is a philosopher that is highly esteemed by the Greeks.
• Aristotle (384-322 BC), Plato’s greatest pupil, wrote a treatise on methods of
reasoning used in deductive proofs which was not substantially improved upon until
the 19th century.
 MEDICINE

 Hippocrates of Cos started to collect data and conduct experiments to show

that disease was a natural process; that the signs and symptoms of a disease
were caused by the natural reactions of the body to the disease process.
 He was referred to as the father of Western medicine in recognition of his
lasting contributions to the field and was the founder of the Hippocratic
School of Medicine.
 Hippocratic Oath- ethical standards followed by physicians.
 He was the first to describe symptoms of pneumonia, epilepsy etc.
 ROMAN
CIVILIZATION
Newspaper
 Known as Acta diurna or the
Daily Acts
 The first newspaper, known
as gazettes
 Provided easier access to
government information
 CODEX

 Bound books
 It makes record keeping
easier, was lightweight and
did not occupy much space
 Historical events
 Legislated laws
 Literature
 Julius caesar, who started
tradition of stacking up
papyrus to form pages of
book.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
 ROMAN NUMERALS

 Number system developed to aid

with high calculation
requirements due to increasing
rate of communication and trade
among nations
 JULIAN CALENDAR

 Known as republican calendar

 Lunar calendar that followed
the phases of the moon
 Significant in tracking
seasonal changes
 CHINESE
CIVILIZATION
 SILK PRODUCTION
 Silk trade opened China to the
outside world thru the silk
road
 TEA PRODUCTION
 The invention of wheel based
machine that could shred tea
leaves into strips made way to
the increase of tea production
thereby increasing trade with
other nation
 GREAT WALL OF CHINA
 Approximately 21, 196 km
long
 Built to keep out foreign
invaders and control of the
borders
 Made with a stone, bricks,
wood
 Today, it remains to be a
world attraction due to its
historical significance and
architectural grandeur
 GUN POWDER
 Developed by chinese
alchemists to achieve
immortality
 Mixture of charcoal, sulfur
and potassium nitrate
 Used to propel bullets from
guns and cannons
 Preferred to used for attack
at a distance
 Used to dessipate attempts
of invasion
 MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
 Occurs between the fall of the Roman empire and the beginning
of the Renaissance (14TH TO 17TH centuries, European history)
 Marked by massive invasions and migrations
 War were prevalent during this time
 Developments were geared towards :
 Weaponry
 navigation
 mass food and farm production
 Health
 European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth”
 PRINTING PRESS
 Developed by Johann Gutenberg
 Utilized wooden machine that
extracted juices from fruits,
attached to them a metal
impression of the letters and
pressed firmly the cast metal into
piece of paper which made an
extract impression on the paper
 MICROSCOPE
 Developed by Zacharias
Janssen
 Guided by the principles used
for the invention of eyeglasses
in earlier years
 Used for observation of
organisms normally unseen by
the naked eye
 Used to discovering new
means of preventing and
curing illnesses
 REFRACTING TELESCOPE

 Discovered by Hans Lippershey

(1608) of Holland
 Galileo Galilie(1609) – known as
the father of Modern Science –
first to used the telescope in
Astronomy
 It opened new insights of outer
space explorations
 WAR WEAPONS

 Made for offensive and defensive techniques

 Includes cross bows, long bows, catapults for long range

attacks

 Body armors were also made for protection in close range

hand-to-hand combat
 MODERN TIMES

 Transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from

1760 to 1840.
 STEAM ENGINES
 Invented in 1698 but credited
to James Watt in 1763
 This was a way to turn heat
into motion
 Created many changes and
additions to technology
including steam-powered
locomotives
 PASTEURIZATION
 Process of heat processing a
liquid or a food to kill
pathogenic bacteria
 Developed by Louis
Pasteur(1822-1895)
 Helped reduce transmission
of diseases
 OIL REFINERY

 World’s first oil refinery in

Romania(1856)
 Samuel M. Kier - first to invent
kerosene by refining petroleum
 It was first used to illuminate
homes
 At present, petroleum is widely
used in powering automobiles,
factories and power plants.
 TELEPHONE
 Developed by Alexander
Graham Bell (1876)
 Maintained connection and
communication with each
other in real time
 Allows daily discussions be
addressed at the fastest time
possible
 MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
 Credited to Blaise Pascal (1642)
 Creation of modern calculator
paved way for easier arithmetic
calculations
 Developments of more complex
processsing machines like
computers
 ELECTRICITY

 William Gilbert first coined the

world electricus in the year 1600
 Benjamin Franklin did
experimentations on electricity
and published in his book
“Experiments and Observations
on Electricity made at
Philadelphia in America”
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
 KAMPILAN
 Filipino sword
 Considered to be the national
weapon of the Moros of Sulu
and mindanao
 Used by Datus and Sultans as
a symbol power, wealth and
status
 BAYBAYIN
 Used as Indigenous scripts of
Pre-colonial Philippines
 Influence many historical events
and agencies
 The flag of katipunan carrying a
symbol which is a baybayin
character
 The emblem of the Armed Forces
of the Philippines
 Seal of the Philippine Army
 Logo of the Cultural Center of the
Philippines
 ERYTHROMYCIN

 Antibiotic use to treat

bacterial infections
 Discovered by Dr. Abelardo
Aguilar in 1949
 SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS
TRICYCLE
 By Dominic Chung and
Lamberto Armada
 Mode of transport in water
and in Land
 SALT LAMP
 Sustainable Alternative
Lighting Lamp by Aisa Mijeno
 Environment-friendly light
source that runs on saltwater
 No risk of fire and no emission
of toxic gas
 Beneficial for far flung barrios
by mixing two tablespoons of
salt and a glass of tap water.
 MEDICAL INCUBATOR
 By Dr. Fe Del Mundo
 She advised a medical
incubator made by putting
native laundry basket inside a
bigger one
 Hot water bottles were
inserted between the baskets
to provide warmth
 MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL
TRAP SYSTEM
 User and environment friendly
 The idea is to attract Aedes
aegypti to lay their eggs on the
paddle
 The trap creates optimum
conditions for the mosquito to
lay their eggs.
 E-JEEPNEY

 Utilizes electricity instead of

diesel
 Environment-friendly since it
does not emit any smoke and
noise
CHAPTER 2: INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

 Human embarked scientific activities in order to know and

understand everything around us.

 Started in Europe in 16th century up to 18th century

 The period of enlightenment

 Scientific Ideas

Scientific
Revolutions

Humans Society

Scientific revolutions is very significant in the development of human beings, transformation of

the society and in the formulation of scientific ideas.
 CURIOSITY

CRITICAL
CREATIVITY
THINKING

SCIENTIST
PASSION TO
KNOW
PASSION TO
DISCOVER
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
 Geocentrism (Claudius Ptolemy)
 Stated that the planets as well as the sun and the moon, moved in
a circular motion around the Earth (center).

SUN

PLANETS EARTH MOON

CELESTIAL
BODIES
 Heliocentrism (Nicolaus Copernicus)
 Stated that the center of the Solar system was not the Earth
but actually the sun.

EARTH

PLANETS
SUN STARS

CELESTIAL
BODIES
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

 Charles Darwin – “On the origin of

Species”(1859)
 Stated about the theory of evolution which
states that populations pass through a
process known as natural selection in which
only the fittest would survive.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

 Sigmund Freud – Austrian neurologist

 Developed psychoanalysis which is a scientific method of
understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within
one’s personality, springing from free associations, dreams, and
fantasies of the individual.
 Psychoanalysis includes feelings, thoughts, urges, emotions and
memories
 Widely credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the
early 20th century.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
 MAYA CIVILIZATION
 The Maya civilization
developed in an area that
encompasses
southeastern Mexico, all
of Guatemala and Belize, and
the western portions
of Honduras and El Salvador.
 Divided into three periods
 Preclassic (2000BC-250AD)
 Classic(250AD-900AD)
 Postclassic(950AD-1539AD)
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA

 Theygave rise to a series of cultural developments that

included complex societies, agriculture,
cities, monumental architecture, writing,
and calendrical systems, and astronomy.
 Predict eclipse and use astrological cycles for planting
and harvesting.
 Hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways
 Innovations in arts
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
 Paints from mineral called mica
 Rubber
 Looms for weaving cloths
 Mayan heiroglyphics
 Developed number system based on the
numeral 20, 0 value and positional value
(mathematics)
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
 INCA CIVILIZATION
 Roads paved with stones
 Stone buildings
 Irrigation system and technique
 Calendar with 12 months
 The first suspension bridge
 Inca textiles
 Quipu, a system of knotted ropes
to keep records
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
 AZTEC CIVILIZATION
 Mandatory education
 Chocolates
 Antispasmodic medication
 The Passion flower was used
for this purpose, a flower
which still grows in Mexico
today.
 Chinampa
 Aztec calendar
 Invention of the canoe
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
 INDIA
 Manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works
 Medicine
 Ayurveda- traditional medicine
 Susruta Samhita-different surgical and medical
procedures
 Astronomy (Siddhanta Shiromani – ancient text in 12th
century)
 They developed theories on the configuration of
the universe
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

 Mathematics
 Aryabhata (476-550AD) – Trigonometric functions,
tables, techniques and algorithms of algebra
 Brahmagupta (629 AD) – suggested that gravity
was a force of attraction, Hindu-Arabic numeral
system (Clifford,2008;Bose,1998)
 Madhava – founder of mathematical analysis
(Joseph, 1991)
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
 CHINA
 Traditional medicines – acupuncture
 Technology
 Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing
tools, iron plough, wheelbarrows, propeller,
bridges, seismological detector, dry dock facility.
 Astronomy
 Supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
 MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
 Ibn al-Hatahm – regarded as the father of Optics, for
his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light
 Muhammad ibn Musa al Khwarizmi – the term
algebra comes from al-jabr
 Introduce decimal point notation
 Jabir ibn Hayyan – considered to be Father of
Chemistry by some scholars(Derewenda, 2007;
Warren, 2005)
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

 Ibn Sina – pioneered the science of

experimental medicine 1st to conduct clinical
trials (Jacquart, 2008)
Book of Healing
The Canon of Medicine
 Discovery of contagious nature of infectious
disease and introduction of clinical
pharmacology (Craig & Walter, 2000)
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
AFRICA
 ANCIENT EGYPT
 Geometry
 Developed as a product of necessity to preserve the layout
and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians along the Nile
river.
 Rules of the geometry was developed and used to build
rectilinear structures, post lintel architecture of Egypt
 The great structures of Egyptian pyramids and early dams
built to divert water from the Nile river.
 Alchemy – medieval forerunner of chemistry
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
AFRICA
 Anatomy and pharmocology – examination,
diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for the
treatment of diseases.
 Astronomy – used 3 types of calendar :solar, lunar
and stellar
 Metallurgy – trade with Near east region
 Mathematics
 The Lebombo Bone – a tool for multiplication,
division and simple mathematical calculations,
known to be the oldest mathematical artifacts
dated 35,000BCE.
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