SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: WORLD HISTORY

Learning Outcomes:
1. explain the historical timeline of science and technology;
2. analyze the difference between the different periods
involved in the development of Science and Technology;
3. synthesize and create their own definition of Science and
Technology

• To know that we know what we know, and to

know that we do not know what we know, that is
true knowledge

In combination,
1. Science and technology transformed the lives of
humans.
2. It helps provide growth in the field of medicine,
transportation, engineering and even entertainment that
until today people are benefiting from it.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS

Ancient Period
Modern human
 used stones as tools
• Flint Tools
• Thousands of years ago, people made tools and weapons
with flint, a common stone. Breaking the flint made sharp
edges that could be used for carving wood, hunting, or
harvesting food.
 learned how to shape stones to make
efficient tools
@ people use them to fashion weapons and
other artifacts from bones, antler, and wood.

Artifacts ->

Arctic peoples of the early aboriginal

Thule culture made many kinds of tools
from stone, bone, ivory, and antler.
The Thule culture developed between
1,100 and 400 years ago and was based
around the hunting of whales, seals,
walrus, and caribou, as well as fishing.
One Thule technological innovation was
the use of harpoon heads that were
attached by lines to floats of sealskin.

 capture fire from natural resources such as wild fires

@ rubbing two sticks
@ LATER heat generated by friction or sparks from stones
@ concentrating the sun’s heat

DEVELOPMENT OF S&T DURING THE ANCIENT PERIOD

• EUROPE
• Ca 750,000 fire is used by Homo erectus

Homo erectus, or “upright man,” had a

larger brain, flatter face, and taller body
than earlier human species.
Anthropologists believe that Homo
erectus probably evolved in Africa and
then spread to Asia. It lived from about
1.8 million years ago to as recently as
30,000 years ago.

 ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used

 ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are used in Spain and Saharan Africa.
People in Southern Europe use sewing needles made from bone.
 ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete.
 ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece.
 ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold

THE AMERICAS
 ca 8500 North Americans make stone arrowheads
 ca 8000 The Folson people living on eastern side of the
Rocky Mountains develop sophisticated tools.
 ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.
 ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flint tools.
 ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their crops.
 ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats from reeds.
 ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant human heads.

ASIA AND OCEANIA

 ca 11,000 The earliest-known clay pots are made in Japan.
 ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.
 ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.
 ca 3500 the plow is invented in both China and Mesopotamia.
 ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors.
 ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China.
 ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan.
 ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture.
 ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of a comet.
 ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse.
 ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or paper made from
bark.
 ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is introduced in India.
 ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting.

Acupuncture
Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical technique that involves
stimulating specific points in the body to restore health. The practice is
used to treat a range of conditions, including chronic pain, drug
addiction, bronchitis, and insomnia.

Africa and the Middle east

 ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses stone tools.
 ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus begin chipping flakes off stone to
sharpen for tools.
 ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus use antlers to create tools for cutting
&drilling.
 ca 15,000 in Africa, bone harpoons (barbed spears) are used for
fishing.
 ca 10,000 People in Palestine build houses from sun-dried bricks.
 ca 7500 Clay tokens are used for record keeping in Mesopotamia.
 ca 600 The world’s first known city is built by the people of Catal
Huyuk in Anatolia (modern Turkey).

       

Harpoons
A harpoon is a barbed spear used to
hunt large fish and whales. When
attached to a line, such as the
harpoon pictured here, top, a harpoon
can be fastened to a boat or a
flotation device, making it easier for
whale hunters to track their fleeing prey. Varying barb designs make
harpoons more effective. The toggled barb design shown here, bottom,
was introduced in 1848 by American blacksmith Lewis Temple. The barb
rotates into a T-shape when pulled back, lodging it firmly into a whale’s
flesh.

 ca 6000 The world’s first known city is built in Anatolia.

 ca 4236 Ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day calendar.
 ca 3500 The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia.
 ca 3100 Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics.
 ca 3000 The Sumerians introduce a 360-day calendar.
 ca 3000 Egyptians dam the Gawari River.
 ca 2630 Egyptians begin building pyramids.
 ca 2600 Mesopotamians make glass.
 ca 2300 Babylonian astronomers study comets.
 ca 2300 The earliest known maps are produced in Mesopotamia.

Egyptian Hieroglyphs
Hieroglyphs were used in ancient Egypt to
record state documents and important
historical events. Hieroglyphs with religious
purposes were also painted on the walls of
many tombs and temples, as well as on coffins
and sarcophagi. The hieroglyphs shown here
are from the tomb of Queen Amonherkhepsef,
which is located in the Valley of the Queens.

 ca 2000 Babylonian mathematics introduce a positional number

system.
 ca 1800 Mesopotamian mathematicians discover the “Pythagorean
Theorem.
 ca 1750 Babylonian astronomers compile lists of planets and stars.
 ca 1550 Egyptians are using about 700 drugs and medications.
 ca 1350 the symptoms of leprosy are described in Egyptian text.
 ca 1200 The Egyptians dig a canal to join the Nile River to the Red
Sea.
 Ca 1000 The Phoenicians develop alphabet.
 ca 900 Farmers in Mesopotamia use an irrigation system to water
crops
 A mechanical clock

Sandglass
Ornate sandglasses like this one were
once used to mark the passage of
minutes and hours. Flipping the glass
causes the fixed amount of sand to pass
though its narrow central hole in a
consistent length of time, creating a
relatively accurate measure. Generally
called hourglasses because an hour was
their standard setting, almost any period
of time could be set by altering the
amount of sand or the size of the central
opening.

Gothic style

Early Printing Press

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450, the
printing press made the mass publication and
circulation of literature possible. Derived from the
presses farmers used to make olive oil, the first
printing press used a heavy screw to force a printing
block against the paper below. An operator worked
a lever to increase and decrease the pressure of the
block against the paper.
 RENAISSANCE
Renaissance – period of rebirth as age of preparation for the 17th
century scientific development and achievements
• Technology of printing books & other documents – helped the rapid
spread of knowledge and information as well as preservation of
culture.
• Wood printing and papermaking originated from China
• Connects the period of Middle Ages to modern history.
• Printing with movable type – is one of the biggest discoveries in
the whole human history, triggered by the demand for perfect
reproductions of text and the renewed focus on studying them
 Bibles , secular books, printed music were made in larger amount
and reach more people.
 Without the printing press communication revolution would not
happen and it would not transform the condition of life.
 Communication revolution greatly made an impact in human
opportunities for enlightenment and pleasure and created
unimaginable possibilities for manipulation and control on the
other.
 Nicolaus Copernicus- a Polish Mathematician and Astronomer
 presented the theory of heliocentric
 His book was banned by the Catholic Church
 Galileo Galilei was persecuted because of his scientific
experiments.
- improved the telescope, discovered new celestial
bodies and found support for a heliocentric solar
system.
Early Telescopes
Although a Dutch optician probably designed
the first telescope, it was Galileo who turned it
rigorously on the heavens in the early 17th
century. Galileo used a refracting telescope
(top) with a convex lens at the front and a
concave lens at the viewing end. The 18th-
century refracting telescope (middle) produced
images that were blurred because of the
different indexes of its combined

 He conducted motion experiments on pendulums and

falling objects that paved the way for Newton’s
discoveries about gravity.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 It is the phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by
human hands and feet to the use of machines.
 It began in Great Britain and spread across
Europe, America, and Asia from 1760 to 1840.
 One of the major setbacks
 Skilled workers were set aside because operation of new
machines were used.
 Three important technologies that formed the
foundations of the first Industrial Revolution
 Iron production
 Steam engine
 Textiles
 Steam engine was used to run machines.
 Steam engine was used to run machines.
 Henry Maudslay & Joseph Whitworth developed and refined
machine tools Greatest inventions during this period:
Greatest inventions during this period
 Steam boat invented by Robert Fulton that used one of
James Watt’s engines.
 light bulb invented by Thomas Edison
 telephone patented by Alexander Graham Bell
 First steam-powered locomotive
• The INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE around 1700 led to the
Industrial Revolution. Inventors made many new machines that were
powered by STEAM ENGINES. They invented locomotives,
steamboats, and all kinds of factory machines.

Steam Locomotive
Engine No. 44, a Baldwin 2-8-0 steam
locomotive engine built in 1921, has two wheels
on the leading truck, eight driving wheels, and
no trailing truck. The engine works on the
Georgetown Loop Railroad and formerly ran in
Central America. Diesel-electric locomotives
began to replace steam locomotives in the
1930s and 1940s.
 Early Agricultural Machinery
From the 18th century onward, new agricultural machines began
to replace more and more of the traditional farming implements
that had been used for centuries. The seed drill invented by
Jethro Tull was an important development, as was the cast-iron
plough patented by Robert Ransome in 1803. Such inventions
helped fuel the immense increase of farm productivity in
Britain’s Agricultural Revolution, which both stimulated and benefited from the
Industrial Revolution. However, improvements in crop rotation, fertilizers, and plant
and animal strains were as important to this process as machinery.

WITNESS THE RISE OF THE MODERN INDUSTRY FROM 1801 – 1900

 Second industrial revolution
 Inventions of electricity, steel, petroleum products
 The age of machine tools
 Great progress in science
• John Dalton(1766-1844) – published his atomic theory in
1803
- studied color blind
• Dmitri Mendeleev(1834-1907) formulated the periodic table
• Hermann von Helmholtz(1834-1907)
• formulated the law of Conservation of Energy in 1847
• Invented the ophthalmoscope
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) - showed that light is an
• electromagnetic wave in 1873 and was proved by Heinrich
Hertz(1857-1894) in1888.
• Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) discovered radioactivity in 1896
• Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) – discovered
radium in 1898
• Joseph Thomson – discovered the electron in 1897.
• Hans Christian Oersted discovered that electric current in a wire
caused a nearby compass needle to move in 1819.
• Michael Faraday(1791-1867) showed that a magnet can produce
electricity and in 1831 he invented the dynamo
• Samuel Morse invented the electric telegraph in 1837.
• Karl Benz & Gottlieb Daimler made the first cars in 1885 and 1886.
• The steamship revolutionized travelling at sea
 It used to take several weeks to cross the Atlantic(1815).
  In 1838, a steamship, Sirius, made the journey across the
Atlantic in 19 days.
 At the end of the 19th century the steam turbine was used on
ships.

20th CENTURY
 the rise of electronic computing and jet engine
 radio and telephone enriched greatly
 mobile phones became affordable
 Technology has become more scientific and the natural sciences
more technological.
 Creation of personal computer
 Computer has become the dominant tool in the global economy
 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak introduced Apple in 1976.
 In 1969 internet was created for defense research known as
ARPANet or Advanced Research Project Agency Network
 World Wide Web(www) was created in 1989
 Henry Ford devised a system of mass production for the Model T in
1908
 invention of Artificial Intelligence(AI)

Men Behind Apple

Computer
Apple Computer cofounder Steven
Jobs, left, CEO John Sculley, center,
and cofounder Stephen Wozniak,
right, are shown at the 1984 debut of
the Apple IIc computer, which was
introduced in the same year as the
revolutionary Macintosh computer. All three played crucial roles in
developing and marketing computers that are easy to learn and use.

Pentium Microprocessor
The Pentium microprocessor (shown at 2.5X
magnification) is manufactured by the Intel
Corporation. It contains more than three
million transistors and is used as the
central processing unit in a variety of
personal computers.