Cuneiform

STS REVIEWER - First writing system

- Triangular symbols
Historical Antecedents in the course of science
and technology - records/history

Year Milestone

500,000 Fires tamed by homo erectus. Uruk City

50,000 Homo sapiens appears - First true city

20,000 Invention of bow and arrow - mud & clay

12,000 Domestication of animals begins - sun baked bricks, to make it strong

8000 Agriculture invented The great ziggurat of Ur

7000 Pottery - the art of meat and pox? - Sacred place for God

6000 Weaving The Plow

We've evolved around 200,000 yrs. ago - Cultivation of land

Roads

Ancient times - Transport

Main concerns - Bitumen(asphalt)

1. Transportation

2. Communication BABYLONIAN CIVILAZATION

3. Weapons and armors - 2000 - 1600 BC.

4. Conservation of life - Neo-Babylonian Empire

5. Engineering - middle-east

6. Architecture - Hammurabi - king of Babylonian

- The Persian Empire fell to alexander the great

Ancient Civilizations
SUMERIAN CIVILAZATION (6500BC - 4100BC)
- oldest known civilization
- in the middle east, Iraq
in 331 BCE.
-The historian Stephen Bertman writes:
“Before his death, Alexander the Great ordered
the superstructure of Babylon’s ziggurat pulled
down in order that it might be rebuilt with
greater splendor. But he never lived to bring
his project to completion. Over the centuries,
its scattered bricks have been cannibalized by
peasants to fulfill humbler dreams. All that is
left of the fabled Tower of Babel is the bed of a
swampy pond”
- INVENTIONS
*The Babylonians invented astronomy and an
advanced form of mathematics, built grand
cities and canals, and are credited with
codifying laws.
*The Babylonians are credited with inventing
astronomy and devising a 12-month calendar.
With their system of astronomy, they accurately
predicted eclipses. They studied the heavens
and used their results to predict and prevent
danger.
*The Babylonians also created a base-60
number system, some of which remains in use.
For example, there are 60 seconds in a minute
and 60 minutes in an hour. Babylonians created
59 symbols to represent their numbers, and
they are credited with understanding and using
the idea of zero. In Babylonian math, zero is
represented by a blank space.
- Hanging gardens of Babylonians
King Nebuchadnezzar built The Hanging
Gardens for his wife, but what
makes this one of the world's best inventions is
its ingenious use of
irrigation to water the garden in the middle of a
desert. Babylonian
engineers created a chain pump that brought in
water from the Euphrates
River and also designed special bricks to keep
the garden in place.
Paper or Papyrus
➢ Vs Tablet
➢ Easier (Record)
➢ Transport
➢ Writing & History
Ink
➢ Soot with different Chemicals
Hieroglyphics
➢ Writing
➢ Evidence
Water Clock/Clepsydra
➢ Time keeping device
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
- The ancient Egyptians’ civil calendar had 365
days. There were twelve months in each year
and thirty days in each month, with five extra
days added the end of the year. This calendar
correlated with the flood cycle of the Nile so
that the farmers were informed of the best
times to plant and reap. The year was divided
into three seasons — akhet(inundation), peret
(growth) and shemu (harvest).
Sundial
-The sundial was a type of clock used by the
ancient Egyptians. As sundial technology
continued to be improved, the ancient
Egyptians were even able to tell which were the
longest and shortest days of the year.
Cosmetics
➢ More of ritual & health
➢ Kohl + malachite + galena
➢ Eye disease
➢ Evil & sign of holiness
Wig
➢ Health & Wellness
➢ Protection (Shaved heads)
➢ Cleaner than natural hair
GREEK CIVILIZATION
Solon
- Laid the foundation for Athenian democracy
Greek language
- 3,400 yrs. old
- provided basis of many modern languages
The Olympic Games
began over 2,700 years ago (776 B.C.E) in
Olympia, in south west Greece. Every four
years, around 50,000 people came from all over
the Greek world to watch and take part. The
ancient games were also a religious festival,
held in honor of Zeus, the king of the gods.
An odometer
for measuring distance was first described by
Vitruvius around27 and 23 BC, although the
actual inventor may have been Archimedes of
Syracuse (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) during the First
Punic War.
Astrolabe
•position of celestial objects
•measure the time of the night (or of the day,
using it as a mobile sundial or, more
accurately by measuring the altitude of the sun)
•measure the time of the year,
•compute what part of the sky is visible at any
time,
•determine the altitude of any object over the
horizon,
•determine the current latitude, and
•determine (very accurately) the NPS
orientation.
Water clock
The Hellenistic engineer and inventor Ctesibius
(285–222 BC) fitted his clepsydras
or water clock with a dial and pointer to
indicate the time, and added an elaborate
alarm system which involved pebbles dropping
on to a gong, or the blowing of a
trumpet by forcing bell jars down into water
and taking the compressed air through a
beating reed at pre-set times.
the lever
The credit for impressive constructions of the
ancient era goes to the
lever. Invented by the Greek mathematician
Archimedes in 260 BC, it
used the pulley system to lift heavier objects.
water mill
Today, it’s hard to imagine that earlier, water
mill didn’t exist. After all, the use of water
power turned simple grains like wheat and rice
into an important staple food.
Water screw
The water screw, popularly known as the
Archimedes' screw and also known as the screw
pump, Archimedean screw, or Egyptian screw, is
a machine used for transferring water from a
low-lying body of water into irrigation ditches.
Catapult
Ancient Greek engineers developed war
machines such as the catapult, which evolved
from the crossbow and were the forerunners of
modern artillery
Cartography
Cartography is the study and practice of making
maps. It has played an important role in travel
and navigation since ancient times. Even though
the earliest known evidence of cartography
points towards ancient Babylon as early as the
ninth century BC, the Greeks took what they
had at them disposal and brought cartography
into a new light.
Hippocrates
(Born in 460 BC, Hippocrates an ancient Greek
physician of the Classical age) started to collect
data and conduct experiments to show that
disease was a natural process; that the signs
and symptoms of a disease were caused by the
natural reactions of the body to the disease
process.
Pythagorean theorem
"The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled
triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides"; this is the world-famous
Pythagoras theorem proposed by the Greek
philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras
(582-500 BC). This theorem was a major
benchmark in the fields of mathematics,
geometry and astronomy. Pythagoras's teacher,
mathematician Thales discovered the first
mathematical deductions and developed the
science of irrational numbers and axiomatic
theory. The first book ever written on geometry
was written by a Greek mathematician Euclid in
300 B.C.
Concept of Democracy
The idea of every citizen having equal
opportunity and a say in government
constitutes the concept of democracy.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Three major periods
Regal (753bc - 510 bc)
- ruled by 7 kings
Republican (509bc - 29bc)
- praetors - consuls
Imperial (27bc - a.d. 476)
- octavin, first emperor
- Nero, worst emperor
- Latium language
adopted from the Etruscans
- religion
- alphabet
- gladiator combat
Roman Empire
- Europe, North Africa, West Asia
- Newspaper 'Acta Diurna"
The Romans were known not to open talk using
official writings explaining military, lawful and
common issues. Known as ‘Acta Diurna’, or daily
acts, these initial newspapers were made on
metal or stone and after that posted in
intensely populated territories such as the
Roman Forum.
Bound Books or Codex
➢ After invention of paper
➢ Bound, paper
- Roman Architecture
- Roman Numerals
Numerous Ancient Roman structures like the
Colosseum, the Roman Forum and the Pantheon
are as yet standing today thanks to the
invention of Roman cement and concrete.
Sewer "Cloaca Maxima"
In Rome, wide containers were usually placed
on the side of the roads for people to urinate in
order for the liquid to be gathered and put to
use as a part of animal tanning and cleaning. In
a few multi-floor residences, a system of
funnels diverted excrement right down to
ground floor where men could assemble it and
take it to be utilized as compost.
Romans created aqueducts
used to tap water from the downhill flowing
streams. The aqueducts were connected to a
large water holding area, which would then
supply it to public amenities
-The Romans worked up more than 50,000
miles of street by 200 A.D., principally in the
administration of military victory.
Julian Calendar
The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar
in 708 AUC (46 BC/BCE), was a reform of the
Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 709
AUC (45 BC/BCE), by edict. It was the
predominant calendar in the Roman world,
most of Europe, and in European settlements in
the Americas and elsewhere, until it was
gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar,
promulgated in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.
Roman Medicinal Tools and techniques
The Ancient Romans created various surgical
instruments and techniques that initiated
succeeding improvements in the field of
treatments and surgical procedures. The Roman
medicinal situation was intensely affected by
the surgical breakthroughs accomplished by the
ancient Greeks.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Silk
- 4000BC
- produced natural by silk worms
Tea productions
- 2737 bc
Paper making
- 50 - 121 ad
Deep drilling (Secondary Century bc)
The Chinese developed drilling technology to
extract brine from beneath the earth’s surface.
By the 11th century, the Chinese were able to
drill boreholes over 3,000 feet deep. The same
technology was used to drill the first petroleum
well in California in the 1860s.
An ancient form of porcelain existed during the
Shang dynasty (1600 BC–1046 BC). It was
perfected during the Tang dynasty and was
exported to the Middle East. During the Song
dynasty (960–1279 AD), the manufacture of
porcelain became highly organized and reached
new heights. By the time of the Ming dynasty
(1368–1644 AD) porcelain was being exported
to Europe, Africa, and Asia via the Silk Road.
Rice wine
The earliest evidence of wine was found in what
is now China, where jars from Jiahu which date
to about 7000 BC were discovered. This early
rice wine was produced by fermenting rice,
honey, and fruit
Iron and steel smelting
An Iron Age began in ancient China during the
Zhou dynasty (1050 BC–256 BC) and iron was
used to create weapons, farming tools, and
household products.
Wheelbarrow
However, the invention of the wheelbarrow can
be credited to prime minister Zhuge Liang of
Shu Han sometime between 197 and 234 AD.
Liang created the wheelbarrow to carry military
weapons and to move injured and dead soldiers
from the battlefield.
Acupuncture
There is archaeological evidence that
acupuncture was practiced in ancient China
from the Paleolithic period. Different materials
such as stone knives and bamboo or bone
needles used as instruments of healing have all
been excavated in China.
The Great Wall of China
was built by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi
Huang (260–210 BC) to protect the country
from northern invaders. The 5,500-mile-long
wall was built by slaves, criminals, and
peasants. It is estimated that millions of people
worked to build the Great Wall over a period of
1,000 years.
The Silk Road
primarily refers to the land routes connecting
East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia,
Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and
Southern Europe. The Silk Road derives its
name from the lucrative trade in silk carried out
along its length, beginning in the Han dynasty in
China (207 BCE–220 CE).
The Scientific Revolution (1640 – 18th Century).
-focused on the development of modern
science based on the scientific method of
deductive reasoning.
The Enlightenment (1650s–1780s)
- growth of intellectual reason, individualism
and a challenge to existing religious and political
structures.
-influenced the American and French
revolutions and also limited the power of
religious authority
1543
- Copernicus publishes on the revolution of the
heavenly spheres
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
1687
- Newton publishes principia
1700
- Enlightenment
1800
- Industrial revolution
- Age of Imperialism
1900
- WW1
Compass
A Chinese traveler Zheng He basically used this
compass. He’d carried out 7 sea voyages in the
time period between 1405 and 1433 AD. The
specific year of the creation of the compass
isn’t identified
Printing press
Johannes Gutenberg invented the press around
1440, and the first Bible was printed in 1452,
forever changing Europe’s history. Without the
printing press, Martin Luther’s ideas and
criticisms of the Catholic church never would
have been so widely dispersed, arguably
preventing them from becoming so
revolutionary. We might all still be speaking
Latin.
Telescopes
Dutch eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey (or
Lipperhey) is widely credited as the first person
to patent a telescope in 1608. His device, called
a kijker ("looker"), was, according to Hans, able
to magnify an image up to three times.
Microscope Age of inventions

Hans Janssen and Hans Lippershey are credited - 1903 - airplane

with the invention of the first compound
- 1889 - automobile
microscope in 1590. The idea of placing one
glass behind other, which increases their - 1885 - motorbike
magnifying power, served as the basis of
development of compound microscope. - 1879 - light bulb

- 1876 - telephone

Submarine - 1896 - flashlight

Leonardo da Vinci made the first model of a

submarine. Having said that, Cornelius van Philippine Inventions
Drebbel was the one who systematically
created the submarine in 1624. It was checked - Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
in the river Thames and continued to be - Salt lamp
immersed under water for about three hours.
- Medical Incubator

- Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal trap

Match
- Jeepneys
Robert Boyle, a physicist from Ireland in Europe
created the match in 1680. Compounds such as
sulfur and phosphorus once rubbed together,
PHILOSOPHY IN SCIENCE
generate fire. This particular idea was applied
by Robert Boyle when creating the match. Philosophy

- enhance our ability to solve problems and

Condom
Syphilis, or the “French disease,” swept
through Europe in the late 1400s. In
16thcentury Italy, Gabriele Falloppio authored
the first description of condom use in European
history. He soaked linen sheaths in chemicals
and tied them to the glans of the penis with a
ribbon. Falloppio claimed to have tested the
linen on 1,100 men, none of whom contracted
the disease.
communication skills.
- Philosophy means "love of wisdom."
-It is made up of two Greek words, Philo,
meaning love, and Sophos, meaning wisdom.
Why needs Philosophy?
- Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key
issues and concepts in education.
PHILOSOPHERS - Philosophers think about the
meaning of things and interpretation of that
meaning.
 - Aesthetics: values beauty, nature, and
aesthetic experience
THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Metaphysics
The Sciences
- meta; before and beyond
- MATHEMATICS – THEOREMS & AXIOMS
- physics - physical nature
- PHYSICS - MEASUREMENT
- studies the ultimate nature of existence and
reality - BIOLOGY – STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

- Study of what is really real - PSYCHOLOGY

Ontology: What is the nature of existence - SOCIAL SCIENCE

Cosmology: Origin and organization of the

universe
Galileo Galilei
Epistemology
- Feb 15, 1564 - Jan 8, 1642
- concerns about figuring out thoughts
- Father of observational astronomy
- Study of knowledge
- Father of modern physics
- It is sense experience vs. reason
- Father of scientific method or modern science
- Logic is a key dimension to epistemology

1623 – Galileo publishes Il Saggiatore (The

Two kinds of logic: Assayer), credited as one of the first works
detailing the scientific method.
- Deductive-general to specific
1633 – After being summoned to Rome by the
- Inductive-specific facts to generalization
Inquisition for a second time, Galileo is found
guilty of something close to heresy, is forced to
recant his Copernican views, and is sentenced
Ethics to house arrest for what will be the remainder
- Values in science of his life.

- Study of human behavior or Study of moral 1992 – Pope John Paul II issues an apology to
problems Galileo by a declaration in which the Catholic
Church admits that the Galileo Affair was not
- explores the nature of values handled as well as it might have been.
Two categories

- Ethics: study of human conduct and examines

moral values
INDUCTIVISM - The notion of scientific progress for the
falsificationist rests on the premise that
- Follow a type of reasoning that makes specific
scientific theories are tentative.
observations and then draws a general
conclusion - Also rejects the context of discovery

- Inductivism proposes and rests on a common

understanding of the laws of the universe; there
What is Science
are laws of nature, uniformities that govern
these laws. - from the Latin word "Scientia", meaning
knowledge
- Facts are observable, and that theories should
be derived from these facts by observation. - the broadest sense, any systematic
knowledge-base or prescriptive practice
- Observable facts are objective.
- Science may refer to a highly skilled technique
or practice
HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVISM
Methods of science
- Follows a reasoning that begins with
- Science; collection of facts
statements laws or rules (generalizations) that
are considered true than moves to specific - currently true, may change in the future
details

Darwinism - theory of evolution

Two Types of Reasoning
Creationism - biblical view on how living
Inductive reasoning organisms was created
- from a number of observations, a general Conjecture and refutation
conclusion is drawn.
- crisis may occur, scientist will may question
Deductive reasoning the previously accepted theory
- From a general premise specific results are
predicted.
Kuhn’s paradigm

- in cumulative process but in reality, it’s a

Karl Popper cyclical process when a perspective dominates
in a period of time, until a new one supersedes
- July 8, 1902 - Sept 17, 1994
it.
- Falsificationism

- Confirmation of hypothesis is not enough.

- No specific number of confirmations

will make any hypothesis true.

- A body of science must be falsifiable.