STS REVIEWER

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT DURING ANCIENT PERIODS

TIMES - Earliest Egyptian
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION - Golden Age
MESOPOTAMIA - Period of New Kingdom
- a place in Western region wherein the first EARLY EGYPTIAN
ancient civilization started - Writing started and appeared
CUNEIFORM between 3,300-3,100 BC
- first writing process or system wherein a set - Period when they started to study the
of word pictures represented in symbols heavens, the galaxy and heavenly bodies
made of triangular marks. - Primarily focus is on the stars
CLOTHING - Earliest recorded calendar based on the
- provided from woven wool movements of heavenly bodies relative to the
from sheep skin earth movement
LIVELIHOOD GOLDEN AGE
- Livelihood primarily agricultural in nature. - Period of prosperity and changes or
- Irrigating their fields by constructing dikes and innovation.
canals. Plant crops and raised some livestock - Pyramids at Giza were constructed
for their own family consumption and - The Great Pyramid of Cheops (2520 BC)
for trade. - Pyramids were still stand today as an
- Use of donkey credited the invention of evidence of the scientific expertise and
sailboat. Built roads in their cities and other technical skills of ancient Egyptians in
commercial places. geometry, mesuration, engineering,
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION architecture, and manpower management
- Located in the border of Euphrates and Tigris PERIOD OF NEW KINGDOM
in Iraq. - Products in the form of pottery, earthenware,
2 PROMINENT LEADERS linens, perfumed oils, ointments, jewelry were
- Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) traded with foreign goods.
- Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC) - Bigger boats made of wood for transportation
HAMMURABI & trading.
- promulgated his code of law, vital
instrument for him to rule empire - Trading was done by exchanging goods
NEBUCHADNEZZAR II based on agreed appropriate/ approximate
- possess the attribute and talent of a structure equal value.
builder is credited for the construction of the - In a later period, a system was developed
famous using scales and standard weight
- “Hanging Garden of Babylon” GREEK CIVILIZATION
- Sexagesimal System of Counting Unit 1100 BCE
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION - time of when the significant developments
EGYPT occurred in the fields of physical science,
- desert areas predominantly cover the country, medicine, mathematics, hydraulics, and
but the presence of the Nile river provide astronomy
Egypt the necessary water requirements to GREEK WISE MEN
support agricultural activities THALES
- Agriculturally inclined and craftsmen. - 624-547 BCE
Developed pottery items of various shapes - Reasoned that matter was composed
and sizes, & work on metals to produce tool, of/convertible to water.
weapon & agricultural implements for use in SOCRATES
their field. - 470-399 BCE
SHELTER - Greek philosopher become renowned for his
- construct their houses using reeds and air contribution to the field of ethics.
died mud
HIPPOCRATES
- 400 BC
- Greek wise men pioneered in regarding
medicine as a science apart from religion.
ARISTOTLE
- 384-322 BC
- His part was involved in different areas of
scientific work ranging from gathering
information on the structure and behavior of
plants and animals to their identification,
description, and classification.
ARCHIMEDES
- 287-212 BC
- Discovery of principles of lever & pulley- law
of Buoyancy.
PYTHAGORAS
- 287-212 BC
- Greek mathematician perfected geometry as
a single logical process/system.
PTOLEMY
- 100 AD
- Greatest astronomers of the ancient times.
PERSIAN CIVILIZATION
CYRUS THE GREAT
- Inhabited by the tribes from Central Asia.
Achieve important development activities that
resulted to becoming a leading nation in the
ancient world.
DAIRUS I THE GREAT
- Standard weights & measures, coins of gold
and silver.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
- Greek culture & influence spread.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
- Construction of big structures like domes,
colosseum, monuments, stadiums, and other
permanent structures. Active in developing
infrastructure networks that they construct
roads from Rome to other places in Italy and
similarly to Constantinople.
CONSTANTINOPLE
- Landmark of big buildings and trade centers,
residential areas and churches with
decorations of marbles, mosaic and silver.
Protected from enemy due to their high &
thick walls. In 1435, conquered by Ottoman
Turks and declared it as their capital, Istanbul.
ARABIC CIVILIZATION
MUHAMMAD
- 570-632 AD
- Founder of Islam.
ARABIC
- Trade & commerce. Greeks, Indians &
Persians influences significantly contributed to
Arab knowledge in mathematic & knowledge
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
SHANG DYNASTY
- 1ST DYNASTY
- Development of bronze containers or vessels,
production of silk for clothing and the
development and establishment of system of
writing.
ZHOU DYNASTY
- 1122-1027 BC – 255-256 BC
- Political & cultural behavior and traits were
established during this period. Farming was
improved. In 800BC, studying and recording
eclipses of the sun were established.
QIN DYNASTY
- 221-206 BC
- The name “China” was derived from Ch’in.
QUIN SHI HUANG
- 1st emperor of this dynasty, instituted a harsh
and strict way of governance. He
standardized the system of writings, weights
& measures, and the sizes of the wagon
wheels and roads.
HAN DYNASTY
- Discovery of healing drugs and herbs taken
from plants and animal parts. Credited for
developing/inventing the “earthquake weather
clock” (now called seismograph). Technology
of papermaking and invention of printing
press.
TANG DYNASTY
- 618-907 AD
- Advances in medicine, invention of
gunpowder, use of coal as a fuel.
SONG DYNASTY
- Paper currency and printing of Confucian
classic spread. Bigger boats and ships for
traveling the high seas.
INDUS HINDU CIVILIZATION
- Construction of layouts of its cities featuring
water wells, bathrooms, and waste pipes in
their houses.
- Tools implements are made of stones, bronze
and wood.
- The level of culture, the significant
achievements in science and technology,
arts, medicine & mathematics made India the
 home of advance knowledge & practice of - invented by dr. fe del mundo
medicine. - it uses bottle of hot water to provide warmth
- Implication of zero & infinity, square root & and makeshift hood to allow oxygen
cube root, negative & positive. circulation

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
MIDDLE AGE MOSQUITO OVICIDAL
PRINTING PRESS - introduced by dost-itdi
- invented by johann gutenberj - mosquito trap system that is lethal to
- invented to address the need for publishing mosquitos but safe for humans and
book environment
- printed using xylography E JEEP
MICROSCOPE - modern type of transportation which utilize
- invented by zacharias janssen electricity instead of diesel
- use to magnify things invisible to the eye - environment-friendly because it didn’t emit
TELESCOPE smoke
- helps in the observation of remote object INTELELCTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED
- great help in navigations SOCIETY
WAR WEAPONS COPERNICAN IDEAS
- defensive instrument use in opera battles GEOCENTRIC MODEL
- cross bows and long bows - earth is the center of the universe
- body armor – heavy metal COMPLICATIONS
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS - venus and mars were always seen encircling
MODERN TIMES the sun in the mornings and evenings
PASTEURIZATION - mars – 780 days
- invented by louis Pasteur - Jupiter – 12 years
- process of heating dairy products to kill - Saturn - 30 years
harmful bacteria THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM
- help to prevent illness - Claudius Ptolemy
PETROLEUM REFINERY - The theory gained the support of the christian
- samuel mier discovered kerosene by refining church and became a central doctrine of
petroleum christianity
- petroleum is widely used in transportation, EPICYCLES
factories and power plants - Sub orbits
TELEPHONE - Central pivot points
- invented by alexander graham bell ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS
- one of the most important invention because - He suggested that the sun was a more likely
it used in daily communication pivot point for the movement of the universe
CALCULATOR ARABIAN INTELLECTUALS
- use not only for easier arithmetic calculation - The great flowering and development of
but also to develop complex machine like Arabic science
computer - The new science of political astronomy
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS - King alfonso x of castile sponsored the
AMPHIBIOUS SALAMANDER TRICYCLE compilation of the alfonsine tables
- created by h20 technologies THE PTOLEMAIC MODEL BECAME DOUBTFUL
- tricycle that can across in flood areas, lakes - Nicole oresme
and rivers - “book of heavens and earth” stated “the lack
SALT LAMP of real proof that the earth was static”
TH
- invented by aisa mijeno 16 CENTURY
- lightning system that utilize material that is - The renaissance and protestant reformation
very abundant in the philippines – salt water found religious doctrines that opened up to
MEDICAL INCUBATOR doubts
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY NATURAL SELECTION
- Nicolaus Copernicus - Variations were inherited
- The sun is the center of the universe ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
- Commentariolus - A British naturalist who had the same insights
with that of which Darwin has been working
for two decades.
GEORG JOACHIM RHETICUS JULY 1, 1858
- Published the first widely disseminated view - Darwins and wallaces joint presentation at the
of the Copernican system known as Narratio linnaean society
prima NOVEMBER 24, 1859
“ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY - On the origin of species was published
SPHERES” GREGOR MENDEL
- The heliocentric model was only a - Answered the mystery of inheritance
mathematical instrument and not a THE FREUDIAN THOUGHT
presentation of the physical universe - Sigmund freud
TYCHO BRAHE - Founding father of psychoanalysis
- The Copernican model did not adequately - A method for treating mental illness and also
describe the planetary movements a theory which explains human behavior
JOHANNES KEPLER JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT
- German astronomer and mathematician, - The most influential neurologist of the 1800’s
brahes student LEVELS OF CONCIOUSNESS
- Elliptical orbits CONCIOUS
GALLILEO GALILEI - Things we are aware of
- Displayed vigorous support for the PRECONCIOUS
heliocentric theory - Things we can be aware of if we think of them
DARWINS THEORY UNCONCOIUS
- Charles Darwin - Deep hidden reservoir that hold the true us
- Suggested that living evolve through time ERNST BRUCKE
THE ORIGINS OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF - One of the eventual founders of the 19th
NATURAL SELECTION century new physiology
- One of the greatest scientific achievement’s - The human being is essentially a bundle of
ever energy, and must follow the principle of
THE ROLE OF GOD conservation of energy
GEORGE CUVIER MOTIVATING DRIVE & CONTRASTING DRIVES
- Catastrophism ID
- Fossils ere remains of animals that had - Instincts
become extinct EGO
JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARK - Reality
- Philosophie zoologique SUPER EGO
- Stated that beings faced environmental - Morality
changes in their body composition PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
HMS BEAGLE - PSYCHOANALYSIS
The voyage of the beagle - To make the unconscious conscious
- Seeing the gradation and diversity of structure ANALYSIS OF DREAMS
in one small, variety of birds, one might really - Every dream represents a wish fulfillment
fancy that from an original variety of birds in FREUDIAN SLIP
this archipelago, one species had been taken - Slip of tongue
and modified for different ends UNPROCESSED EMOTIONS
GEORGE LYELLS PRINCIPLE OF GEOLOGY - Generates an increasingly uncomfortable
GEOLOGICAL RENEWAL tension
 James huttons uniformitarianism CATHARSIS
CENTERS OF CREATION - The act of relief in Freudian terms
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
- Freudians
- Kleinians
- Neo-freudians

INFORMATION REVOLUTION
- New technology drives the information
revolution
TECHNOLOGY
- Science put into action
PRODUCTS
- Hardware or soft ware
- Embodies one or more tech
SERVICES
- Capabilities offered to us
DILEMMAS
- Optical communications tech and internet
protocol
- Open source against closed source
- Intellectual property laws and digital right
issues
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- Transforms the business and financial worlds
- Affecting governance and empowering new
political actors
“CREATIVE DESTRUCTION”
- Innovation mechanism by which new
production units replace outdated ones
INFORMATION
- Shapes and is shaped by social and cultural
values
FACTORS THAT SHAPED AND CHARACTERIZE
A NATIONS APPROACH TO THE INFORMATION
AGE
1. Rich nations are better positioned than poor
nations
2. Society dealing with change
3. Governments and laws can be helpful or
unhelpful
4. Structure of capital market
COUNTRIES TOWARDS INFORMATION
ADVANCEMENTS
- North America
- Latin America
- Asia pacific
- Middle east
- Sub Saharan Africa