HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

of Science &Technology
Learning Outcomes:

▪ Explain how S&T and society affect the

society and environment (vice versa )
▪ Identify the inventions and discoveries that
changed the world over the course of history
; and
▪ Discuss the scientific & technological
developments in the Philippines.
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A glimpse
of the
History of
ST in…
*Ancient World
*Middle ages
*Modern Times

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Science & Technology in
Ancient World
 Problem..
T
Transportation
C Communication

S
Security & Protection
H Health
A Architecture & Engineering
Mass Production
M
Aesthetic
A
Record keeping
R 5
 MAP OF MODERN DAY
“Ancient Civilizations” MESOPOTAMIA

MAP OF ANCIENT
MESOPOTAMIA
MESOPOTAMIA

 Formed from ancient

words meso and potamos
 Situated b/w Tigris &
Euphrates rivers
 Tigris and Euprates rivers
provided freshwater
necessary for agricultural
production. 7
Sumerian Civilization (c. 4100-1750 BCE)

▪ Sumerians explored the practice of

the scientific hypothesis
▪ Engaged in technological innovation
▪ Created the earliest written language
▪ Developed mathematics, astronomy
and astrology
▪ Fashioned the concept of time

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 Sumerians’ most important
“ inventions: Wheel, Sail and
Writing

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“
The wheel is developed from a need to
make better pottery in less time. The
potter’s wheel was then adapted to
create carts & chariots for transporting
goods and travelling.

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 The invention of sail most likely began

“ simply through observation of the wind’s

effect on a piece of cloth.
*Sails are important because waterways
were the preferred route for trade.

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 Cuneiform- a system of writing first

“
developed by the sumerians. It utilized word
pictures & triangular symbols which are
carved on clay using wedge instruments and
then left to dry.

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“IRRIGATION & DIKES” “PLOW”

The sumerians also learned “ROADS”

how to channel the overflow
of the tigris and euprates
rivers and then use them to
water and fertilized their To facilitate easier travels, the sumerians developed
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farm. the first roads using sun-baked bricks.
Babylonian Civilization (2300 BCE)
▪ Astronomy & Astrology
▪ Mathematics
▪ Cartography
▪ Jewelry-making
▪ Calendar system

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Babylonian Astronomy and Astrology
Babylonian Astronomy
represented the melding of
science and religion. Planets
were all associated by deities
and observatories were
attached to the temples.
*Reports are regulary sent by
astronomers to the King
Babylonian Astrology
Consisted of making temporal
predictions and decisions
based on movements of
celestial bodies.
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 Babylonian Calendar
(Lunisolar)

“ Babylonian Number System

Babylonian Map
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“Hanging Gardens of Babylons”

▪ One of the seven wonders of the

ancient world.
▪ Considered as one of the greatest
engineering and architectural
achievement of the world.
▪ Its exact location is unknown. If it
really existed, it must have been
destroyed by war, erosion, or an
earthquake. 17
Egyptian Civilizations

▪ Egyptian civilizations developed along

the Nile River.
▪ Egyptians built grand monuments and
temples.
▪ They made advances in engineering,
architecture, agriculture, medicine,
astronomy and even in art and
literature.

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 Discoveries/Inventions in Egypt..

Ancient Egyptian
Paper or Papyrus Cosmetics
Hieroglyphics – the egyptian
-Their functions was both
writing system; Use pictograms -Use the tough fibrous interior of a
for health and aesthetic
and alphabet-like characters that Papyrus plant to create sheets of reasons. Egyptians wore
stood for certain sounds. writing material
cosmetics around eyes
-Major accomplishment for record- to prevent or even cure 19
keeping and communications diseases.
 “WIGS”

“
-Health and Wellness purposes
-Protect the shaved heads from
the sun and it also allows heat
to escape than scarf.

“Water Clock”
-Clypsedra, also called
water clock, ancient
device for measuring
time by the gradual
flow of water.
-The amount of water
remaining in the device
determines how much
time has elapsed since
it is full. 20
Ancient Greek Civilization

▪ Influenced by
mesopotamian and
egyptian knowledge
▪ Flourished in
disciplines such as
philosophy, math
and sciences.

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Greek Contributions..

Alarm Clock – the

purpose was just to tell Watermill
an individual when to - Commonly used in
start or when to stop. agricultural
- They made use of processes necessary
water, or stones or for food processing.
sand that dropped into Milling produces
drums which sounded mass production of
the alarm clock to rice, cereals and flour
signal the start or end.
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Roman Civilizations

▪ Roman innovations were

largerly more concerned with
refinements than new ideas.
▪ But unlike the greeks who
mostly taught their ideas orally
or through word of mouth, the
Romans were able to document
scientific thoughts
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 Discoveries/Inventions of Roman..
Bound Books/Codex
- Earlier covers were made
of wax and then replaced
by animal skin.
- Papyrus+ Animal skin
covers = Production of first
books or codex
Newspaper– The first newspapers are
known as Gazettes, it contains
announcement to Roman Empire to
people.
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-When papyrus was invented it became easier
 Roman Numerals
o Although other systems had
Roman Architecture– The already been established before.
quality of this majestic Roman These systems could not keep up
structures can be seen by the way with the calculation requirements
they withstood time and harsh due to increasing rate of
elements of the environment. communications. 25
“
Chinese Civilization
contributions…

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Chinese’ Contributions

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

- Constructed to keep out
foreign invaders and
control the borders of
china.

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Chinese’ Contributions
SILK
- One of the things that
connected China to the world is
silk. Chinese were the ones
who developed the technology
harvest the silk and process it
to produce paper and clothing.
- Address mass production in
paper and clothing
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Chinese’ Contributions
GUN POWDER
- Developed by chinese alchemists who aimed to
achieve immortality.
- But instead of creating an elixir of life, they
accidentally invented black powder that could
actually generate large amounts of heat and gas
in an instant.
- Used to propel - Gunpowder is also used in fireworks during
bullets & canons. important celebrations in China.
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Chinese’ Contributions
TEA PRODUCTION

- Tea is utilized to address health

- Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or
boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea
leaves.
. - China became known for its tea exports aside
from its silk products.
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Science & Technology in
Medieval/Middle Ages
 PAPER MONEY
-
“
Paper money is an invention of the Song
Dynasty in China in the 11th century CE, nearly 20
centuries after the earliest known use of metal
coins. Paper money was certainly easier to
carry in large amounts.
- Traders and Merchants
eventually realized the huge
advantage of using paper
Money because it was easier
- To transport it around
Compared to the currencies before
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Printing Press
 Johann Guttenberg was able to invent
the printing press, a more reliable way
of printing using a cast type.
 He utilized wooden machines extracted
juices from fruits , attached to them a
metal impression of letters, and
pressed firmly the cast metal into a
piece of paper.
The general Invention soon evolved to
be the mechanical printing pres.
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“
“MICROSCOPE”

• With this device, people were

able to observe organisms that
were normally unseen by the
naked eye. The microscope
was key in discovering new
means in preventing and
curing illness.

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Telescope

 Since the Middle Ages was also known

as the Age of Exploration, the need for
nautical inventions was high.
 Considering the vast and empty oceans
that separated lands, ship captains
needed to see far and wide to avoid
dangers at sea.
 (Used by ship captains to see far and
wide areas)
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“
“WAR WEAPONS”
• In close range hand-to-hand
combat soldiers should wear
something to protect
themselves, a need addressed
by the creation of iron body
armors.
• However, body armors were
heavy and also limits
movement. The problem was
eventually solved by the
invention of the chainmail.
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Science & Technology in
Modern Times
PASTEURIZATION

 It is the process of heating dairy

products to kill the harmful bacteria
that allow them to spoil faster.

 Through this process, milk could be

stored and consumed for a longer
period. It also prevented illnesses
caused by harmful bacteria.
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“
“Petroleum Refinery”
• Samuel M. Kier was able to
invent kerosene by refining
petroleum.
• “illuminating oil”
• After some time it was applied
for heating purposes.
• At present, petroleum is widely
used in powering automobiles,
factories and power plants,
among others.
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 TELEPHONE

 The more people got connected by trade and

exploration the more they needed away to easily
maintain these connections and communicate with
each other in real time.
 Important day to day decisions must be discussed
and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the
developmen of th telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
was one of the most important inventions at that
time.
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CALCULATOR

- Although an earlier version of calculator had

already been developed, circumstances in the
modern time required a faster way to
compute more complicated equations.
- The creation of modern calculators did not
only pave the way for easier arithmetic
. calculations, but also resulted in the
development of more complex processing
machines like computer. 41
 TELEPHONE

 The more people got connected by trade and

exploration the more they needed away to easily
maintain these connections and communicate with
each other in real time.
 Important day to day decisions must be discussed
and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the
developmen of th telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
was one of the most important inventions at that
time.
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PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
 SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS
TRICYCYLE

 Technologies headed by Dominic chung, Lamberto

Armada, together with chief designer Victor Llave,
 This amphibious tricycle that can cross not only
flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. It can be use
to travel from island to island.
 Since our country is an archipelago and flooding is a
common occurrence , salamander is a useful invention
that has a lot of potentials.

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“
“Sustainable Alternative Lighting LAMP”

• One of the major necessities is

Electricity. In many rural areas,
activities would cease when it gets
dark. People have resorted to using “SALT LAMP”
candles and lamps but its risky
because of the fire hazard.

• Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a

lighting system, that utilizes a material
abundant in Philippine-saltwater. It is
an environmental lamp that is friendly
does not emit toxic gases.
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 MEDICAL INCUBATOR

 Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the

first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical
School, devised a medical incubator from
indigenous and cheap materials which did not run
on electricity.
 The incubator was made by placing a native
laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water
bottles were inserted b/w baskets to provide
warmth to allow oxygen circulation.
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“
“Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System”

• In DOST-Industrial Technology
Development Institute was able to
introduce the Mosquito
Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
also known as OL Trap.

• Unlike insecticide this traps are

made of natural ingredients that
are lethal to mosquito but safe for
humans and environment. 47
“ Thank you and see you
next meeting!

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