Science, Technology, and Society Ox-drawn Plough
Module 1: Historical Antecedents of Science and • Using the power of oxen to pull the plough
Technology
Science
• Science is (knowledge from) the careful study of the
structure and behavior of the physical world, especially by
watching, measuring, and doing experiments, and the
development of theories to describe the results of these
activities.
• Scientists (Natural Philosophers in the Ancient Time)
formulate testable explanations and predictions based on their
observations.
Technology
• Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for
practical purposes, especially in industry. It is a scientific or
industrial process, invention, method, or the like.
• It is from Greek from tekhnē (art or craft) and -logia (study
or knowledge).
• Antecedent is a thing or event that existed before or logically
precedes another.
Ancient Times
Mesopotamians
Wheel
• The wheel was used not for transportation but as
potter’s wheel and existed around 3500 BC.
Chariot
• It was originally based on two wheels which were
attached with an animal like a horse using wood and
ropes
Cuneiform
• The Sumerians developed the first form of writing
called “cuneiform” to maintain business records.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was an ancient region located in the eastern
Mediterranean bounded in the northeast by the Zagros
Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau,
corresponding to today’s Iraq, mostly, but also parts of
modern-day Iran, Syria and Turkey.
Egyptians
Aeolipile or steam engine
• Hero of Alexandria as he was often known, was a
Greek born in 10AD in Alexandria, part of Egypt,
invented the Aeolipile or steam engine. It was used to
automate opening of temple doors by lighting a fire
on the altar.
Papyrus Sheets
• Papyrus sheets are the earliest paper-like material
revolutionized agriculture.
Egyptians
Ink
• The black ink was the often used one for writing in
hieroglyphs. This ink was very black like carbon
black and could not deteriorate when been applied
over the papyrus to write.
Sunclock (sundial)
• The Egyptians were so advanced that had the idea of
calculating time as early as the 3,500BC and they
invented the sun clock (sundial). The sundial made it
possible to differentiate between and predict
morning, afternoon and night. The oldest surviving
sun clock was found in the 2013 in the Valley of the
Kings.
Mummification
• The ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife, plenty
gods and goddesses which made to actually start the
process of mummification (to preserve the human
body from decaying). They whole heartedly believed
that when a Pharaoh dies his life energy (ka) would
move from his body to another realm temporarily, so
it was important to them to preserve the body from
decaying when the spirit returns.
• A
Chinese
Great Wall
• This is one of the seven famous wonders of the
world, representing a series of fortifications made
initially of stone, earth and later of bricks. It was
erected in 221 BC with the goal of protecting the
northern borders of the country from different
nomadic groups that invaded the Chinese Empire
Compass
• Originally, it was used in fortune-telling and
architecture until the Chinese figured out it could be
used for traveling
Seismograph
• Each of the dragons was facing downwards and had a
small ball in its mouth. In the case of an earthquake,
the dragon facing the closest direction would open its
mouth releasing the ball into the mouth of small
bronze frog underneath.
Paper
• Although the discovery of paper is linked to 105 AD,
recent archaeological discoveries suggest that it
already existed in Ancient China from around 100
BC. Back then, the paper was made from mulberry
tree bark but the creator later included hemp and
fishnets to strengthen it.
Gunpowder
• Gunpowder was invented in the Tang dynasty in the
ninth century by alchemists searching for an elixir of
immortality. Gunpowder is a mixture of charcoal,
saltpeter and sulfur
Mechanical Clock
• The first mechanical clock in Europe was created
around the beginning of the 13th century. However,
the first Chinese mechanical clock was created in 725
by Yi Xing, a Buddhist monk, astronomer,
mathematician and mechanical engineer who lived
during the Tang Dynasty (from 618 to 907).. His
clock worked by dripping water that activated a
wheel
• The Middle Ages
Greek Natural Philosophers
• Aristotle (384 –322 BC)
• Pythagoras (570 – 495 BC)
• Thales of Miletus (620 – 546 BC)
• Plato (427 – 347 BC)
• Ptolemy (90 – 168 CE)
The Greeks’ interest in field of science can be seen as far back
as the sixth century BC, and they have often been hailed as the
fathers of science, medicine, zoology, and many other areas.
Their findings in the areas of astronomy, geography, and
mathematics made them pioneers in the field of science.
Thales of Miletus
(620 – 546 BC)
Thales was a geometer, military engineer, astronomer, and
logician. Probably influenced by Babylonians and Egyptians,
Thales discovered the solstice and equinox and is credited
with predicting a battle-stopping eclipse thought to be on 8
May 585 B.C
Anaximander of Miletus
(611 – 547 BC)
He invented the gnomon on the sundial (although some say it
came from the Babylonians), providing a way to keep track of
time. He also created a map of the known world. He was one
of the first cartographers.
The gnomon is the triangular blade in this sundial.
Plato
(428 – 348 BCE)
Ancient alarm clock used by the Egyptians was made by a
Greek engineer, physicist and mathematician Ctesibius (285–
222 BCE) who lived in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. But,
Plato (428–348 BCE), a greek philosopher constructed his
own version of an alarm clock with vessels much ahead of
Ctesibius.
Aristotle (of Stagira)
(384 – 322 BCE)
Aristotle decided the Earth must be a globe. The concept of a
sphere for the Earth appears in Plato's Phaedo, but Aristotle
elaborates and estimates the size.
Aristotle classified animals and is the father of zoology.
Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria
(90 – 168 CE)
Ptolemy founded the Ptolemaic System of geocentric
astronomy, which held for 1,400 years. He drew maps with
latitude and longitude and developed the science of optics.
The Age of Science and Technology Advancement
Middle Age Inventions
1. MECHANICAL CLOCK
Timekeeping devices have emerged since the ancient world,
but it was not until the Middle Ages that the technology was
invented that allowed for mechanical clocks to accurately keep
track of time. The knowledge of not only what hour it was, but
even what minute and second it was, would change the way
people scheduled their days and work patterns, especially in
urban areas.
2. PRINTING PRESS
While printing technology had been developed in 11th
century China, it was the 15th century German Johannes
Gutenberg and his printing press that started a new era of
the mass production of books. Until the rise of computers
in the 20th century, books and the printed word would
remain the dominant form of media for the world’s
knowledge.
3. EYEGLASSES
Although we are not sure who can be credited with the
invention of eyeglasses, this device could be found in
Western Europe the latter years of the 13th century. Its
ability to correct vision problems makes it a much it one of
the most useful medieval inventions and a great benefit to
hundreds of millions of people today.
4. WATER AND WINDMILLS
While mills were in used from antiquity, it would be in the
Early Middle Ages that they became very popular.
Throughout the medieval period, new and ingenious forms
of mills were invented, which allowed people to harness
the energy from natural forces like rivers and wind, a
process that continues to the present-day.
5. SPINNING WHEEL
Spinning Wheels may have their origin in India sometime
between the 5th and 10th Century AD. There is evidence
they were in use in China at about 1000 AD. They reached
Europe via the Middle East, by around 1400. The spinning
wheel replaced the earlier method of hand spinning, in
which the individual fibers were drawn out of a mass of
 wool held on a stick, or distaff, twisted together to form a Isaac Newton
continuous strand, and then wound on a second stick. Principia (3 Books)
• Modern Mechanics
Black Death • Celestial Mechanics
• The mass disruption to medieval society caused by • Laws of the Universe
the plague set the progress of science and discovery
back, and the knowledge would not reemerge until Johannes Gutenburg
the Renaissance.
Moveable Type
• About 35% of the English population died due to the
Latin Bible
Black Death. The devastation was so severe that you
might have found entire ghost towns in the English
countryside where the whole town was killed by the Industrial Revolution
plague. The Engineers and Scientists that powered the world
through the Industrial Revolution
Renaissance The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in
The Engineers and Scientists that led to a “Rebirth” in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely
Technology rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into
industrialized, urban ones.
Leonardo da Vinci
Inventions
Industrial Age: A Brief
• Siege Defenses
• War Scythe • The American Industrial Revolution commonly
referred to as the second Industrial Revolution,
• Multi-Barrel Gun
started sometime between 1820 and 1870.
• Ornithopter
• The Industrial Revolution led to inventions that
• Tank
included the telephone, the sewing machine, X-ray,
• Helicopter
lightbulb, and the combustible engine.
• Airplane Wing
• The increase in the number of factories and migration
to the cities led to pollution, deplorable working and
Nicholas Copernicus living conditions, as well as child labor.
Arts, Law, Medicine, Astronomy
Heliocentric Universe Steam Engine, 1712
Thomas Newcomen invents the first steam engine. It is not
Galileo Galilei very useful yet, but the idea of using steam to make machines
Physics go will be important to the Industrial Revolution.
• Isochronous Motion
• Parabolic Motion Spinning Jenny, 1764
• Inertia (Newton) James Hargreaves, a British carpenter and weaver, invents the
Thermometer spinning jenny. The machine spins more than one ball of yarn
Telescope or thread at a time, making it easier and faster to make cloth.
• Moon
• Jupiter Cotton Gin, 1794
• Saturn Eli Whitney creates a machine that makes it much easier to
• Milky Way separate cotton seeds from cotton fiber. It greatly reduces the
time it takes to clean cotton and helps the southern states make
more money from cotton crops.
Scientific Revolution
The Engineers and Scientists that laid the Scientific
Telegraph, 1844
Principles of Today
Samuel Morse invents the telegraph, which allows messages
Christian Huygens
to be sent quickly over a wire. By 1860, telegraph wires
Pendulum Clock
stretch from the east coast of the United States west of the
• John Harrison Mississippi River.
Regulating Spiral (1675)
Theory of Light Sewing Machine, 1846
At a time when people had to make their own clothes at home The Manhattan Project
or pay someone else to sew them by hand, Elias Howe invents • Oppenheimer
the sewing machine. Now clothes can be made in large • Fermi, Berthe, Teller
factories. • Four Sites
• Project Trinity
Safety Break, 1853 - Los Alamos
Elevators were already invented by 1853, but people worried - Ground Zero- Alamagordo
about elevator cars falling. Elisha Otis invents a safety break • Fat Man & Little Boy
to prevent them from falling if a cable breaks, making people • Treason
feel more confident about using elevators in tall buildings.
The Computer Pioneers
Dynamite, 1866 • Charles Babbage
Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, which is a safer way to blast • Hollerith & Watson
holes in mountains or the ground than simply lighting black • Enigma & Colossus
powder. Dynamite is important in clearing paths to build • John von Neuman
things such as roads and railroad tracks. • Ekert & Mockley
• Shockley, Bardeen &Brattain
Vaccine, 1870 • Jack Kilby
A chemist named Louis Pasteur believed that germs caused • Jobs & Wozniak
disease. Using this information, he created vaccines that • Gates & Allen
helped prevent many common diseases, which helped people
live longer. Thomas A. Edison
“Invention is 1% Inspiration and 99% Perspiration”
Telephone, 1876
He may not have invented the telephone, but Alexander History of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Graham Bell was the first to get a patent for it. Being able to
Pre-Colonial Era
speak to people over a telephone wire greatly changes the way
the world communicates. Stone Age
• Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian
mainland first came over land on across narrow channels to
Light Bulb, 1879
live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
Not the first man to create a light bulb, Thomas Edison created
• Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao,
a light bulb that lasted longer than other designs and showed it
Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan
off by lighting a lamp. Edison's light bulbs allow people to do
and Cagayan.
many things at night, such as work, that used to only happen
during the day. • They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and
later developed method of sawing and polishing stones around
40,000 B.C.
Modern Era
• By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes, ornaments
The Engineers and Scientists that paved the Way into the of seashells and pottery.
Future
• Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they
Rockets to Space imported Chinese porcelain.
Robert Goddard (Liquid-Fueled, 1929) • Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold
Werner von Braun (V1, V2, V5, Saturn 5) metal tools and ornaments.

Albert Einstein Iron Age

Special Theory (1905) • During Iron Age, Filipinos were engaged in extraction,
General Theory smelting and refining of iron from ores, until the importation
Quantum Theory of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China.
Big Bang Theory
Curved, Finite Space Industry/Agriculture
Atomic Bomb • By the first century AD, Filipinos were weaving cotton,
Responsibility of Science smelting iron, making pottery and glass ornaments, and
cultivated lowland rice fields with dikes and terraced fields
with spring water in mountain regions.
• They had also learned how to build boats for trading
purposes. Spanish chronicles noted refined plank-built
warships called caracoa suited for interisland trade raids.
Trading
• By the 10th century, Filipinos from the Butuan were trading
with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-i (Mindoro) with
China as noted in Chinese records containing several
references to the Philippines.
• The People of Ma-i and San-Hsu (group of Palawan and
Calamian Islands) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut
heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth
for porcelain, lead fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron
pots, iron needles and tin.
• Filipinos also traded with Borneo, Malacca and parts of
Malay peninsula.
• By the time the Spaniards came, they found autonomous
communities (barangay).
• Filipinos were already engaged in activities and practices
related to science forming primitive or first wave technology.
They were curative values of some plant on how to extract
medicine from herbs.
• They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of
counting and weights and measure. They had no calendar but
counted the years by the period of the moon and from one
harvest to another.
• Filipinos had learned to make and use artillery.
• They were growing rice, vegetables and cotton; raising
swine, goats and fowls; weaving cloth and producing beeswax
and honey
• They wore colorful clothes, made their own gold jewelry and
even filled their teeth with gold
• Their houses were made of wood and bamboo
Spanish Era
• The beginning of modern science and technology in the
Philippines
• Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific
research, greatly shaped by the role of religious orders though
• University of Santo Thomas remained as the highest
institution of learning
• In 1887, the Laboratory Municipal de Ciudad de Ciudad de
Manila was created
• Leon Ma. Guerrero, father of botany in the country and one
the first licensed pharmacist
• Manila prospered due to Galleon trade
• Only shipbuilding industry prospered. Shipbuilding was
entirely in the hands of the natives.
• Mining, handicrafts and other industries declined.
• Manila was opened to Asian shipping in 1789, then
eventually to world trade in 1829.
• Production of sugar and hemp was accelerated and
modernized.
• Imports of manufactured also rose
• Waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights,
newspaper and banking system were introduced in Manila
• Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who
founded the Manila Observatory in 1865.
• Fr. Federico Faura to issue the first public typhoon warning
• In 1901, the Observatory was made a central station of the
Philippine Weather Bureau
• Manila prospered but countryside remained underdeveloped
and poor
• The expansion of the agricultural production for export
exacerbated existing socio economic inequality and introduced
private ownership of land.
• There was an increase of concentration of wealth to
landowners, Spaniards, Chinese mestizos, and native
Principalia
American Era
• Science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly
during the American regime
• The Americans introduced a system of secularized public-
school education
• Primary education was free, with English as the medium of
instruction.
• It was followed by the setting up of a Philippine Normal
School to train Filipino teachers.
• Secondary school were opened afterward
The University of the Philippines was created on 18 June
1908 by Act of the Philippine Legislature.
College of Agriculture in Los Baños, Laguna in 1909,
Colleges of Liberal Arts, College of Engineering and
Veterinary Medicine in 1910
College of Law in 1911.
School of Forestry and Conservatory of Music in 1916
College of Education in 1918
Most of the teachers were Americans and foreigners,
except in the college of Medicine. Young men and women
were encouraged to get a higher professional education in
American colleges
• In 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was created
and later named Bureau of Science
• It pioneered research on diseases such as leprosy,
tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri.
• Studies on the commercial value of tropical products, tests
on minerals and roadbuilding materials, the nutritional value
of foods were done here.
• From 1906, the Bureau of Science published the Philippine
Journal of Science which reported not only work done in local
laboratories but also scientific developments abroad which had
relevance to Philippine problems
The Philippines became an Asian leader in transportation
and communication.
Railroads were developed in Luzon, Cebu and Panay.
 More ports and shipping were opened up. Pier 7 in Manila
was the largest port in Asia.
• Philippine economic development was determined by free
trade relations
• As a result, the Philippine economy became tied to that of
the United States, remaining primarily an exporter of
agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of
American manufactured goods.
• The Philippines entered Industrial age (mass production)
Offices were organized for the growth of scientific
research
Weather Bureau (1901)
Board (later Bureau) of Health (1898)
Bureau of Mines (1900)
Bureau of Forestry (1900)
Bureau of Agriculture (1901)
Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey (1905)
Bureau of Plant Industry (1929)
Bureau of Animal Industry (1929)
National Research Council of the Philippine Islands
(NRCP)
The creation of these science agencies showed increasing
concern and support for the development of science and
technology.
The Philippine Inventors Commission (1964)
Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964)
Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967)
Forest Products Research and Industries Development
Commission (1969)
Metals Industry Research and Development Center
(MIRDC)
Philippine Science High School (PSHS)
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources
Research (PCARR).

Commonwealth Period
The Commonwealth government worked towards the
development of economic self-reliance but failed due to
foreign trade and tariff policies that were controlled by the
American government.
Public school system (basic education) expanded and private
schools (higher education) were reorganized.
The National Development Company was mandated to
undertake the development of successful researches of
government science agencies, such as the Bureau of Science,
Bureau of Animal Industry and Bureau of Plant Industry.
The occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during the
war brought educational and scientific activities to a halt.
 Science, Technology, and Society Physics
Module 2: Intellectual Revolutions that defined Society Philosophy

Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian Heliocentric vs. Church

Copernican Revolution • Copernicus faced persecution
• It is the period where paradigm shifts occurred and • Inadequacies
where scientific beliefs that been widely embraced
and accepted by the people were challenged and Darwinian Revolution
opposed Charles Darwin
• 16th century • A British naturalist and biologist known for his
Theory of Evolution and his understanding of the
Ptolemy process of “natural selection”.
• Geocentric Model • He was born on February 12, 1809 in the tiny
• Earth is the center of the universe merchant town of Shrewsbury, England. He is a child
of wealth and privilege who loved to explore nature,
Darwin was the second youngest of six kids.
Nicolaus Copernicus
• Heliocentric Model
Darwinism
• Polish mathematician and astronomer
- is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English
naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and others, stating that
Commentariolus all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural
• De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (the revolution selection of small, inherited variations that increase the
of celestial spheres) – 1543 individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

Theory of Evolution
- he declared that species survived through a process called
“natural selection.”
The four key points of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution are:
individuals of a species are not identical
traits are passed from generation to generation
more offspring are born than can survive
only the survivors of the competition for resources will
reproduce

Survival of the Fittest

- is a phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary
Tycho Barahe
theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural
• Cassiopeia selection in Darwinian terms the phrase is best understood as
"survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in
Galileo Galilei successive generations.”
• Developed his own telescope and observed Venus
Freudian Revolution
Johannes Kepler Sigmund Freud
• Planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the • Austrian neurologist credited for stirring a 20 th –
center century intellectual revolution named after him – the
Freudian Revolution.
Isaac Newton • Freudian Revolution – discovery of a way of locating
in the mind objective entities which can be studied
• Law of Gravitation
like physical things.
•
• Developed psycho analysis

Cosmology
PSYCHOANALYSIS - scientific method of understanding
Religion inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s
personality, springing from free associations, dreams, and Libido
fantasies of an individual. - term used to describe the energy created by the survival and
sexual instincts.
- part of the id and a driving force of all behavior
- to Freud, libido represented all psychic energy and not just
sexual energy.
Factors that influence libido
• Sex Hormones
• Psychological Factor
• Social Issues
• Medical and Health Conditions

Dream Theory
Freud described that the brain can be segmented into - consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund
compartments Freud’s theory of dreams suggested that dreams represented
Ego unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations.
• Decision-making component - in Freud's famous book the interpretation of dreams, he
• Works by reason wrote that dreams are disguised fulfillments of repressed
wishes.
Superego
Two Components of Dreams
• Values and morals
1. Manifest Content
• Consists of two systems: conscience and ideal self
- made up of the actual images, thoughts, and content
ID
contained within the dream
• Impulsive and unconscious
2. Latent Content
• Illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented
- represents the hidden psychological meaning of the
dream
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Freud suggested that humans are inherently pleasure-seeking
The Information Highway
individuals.
• Convergence of computer and improved visual
Oral Stage: Birth to 1 year
technologies
Erogenous Zone: Mouth • Present time

Anal Stage: 1 to 3 years Meso-American, Asian, Middle Eastern, African

Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control Meso-American to African
Mesoamerica
Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 years
• Meso means “middle”
Erogenous Zone: Genitals • Mesoamerica means Middle America
• 3 Major Civilizations:
Latent Stage: 6 to Puberty ➢ Maya
Libido Inactive ➢ Inca
➢ Aztec
Genital Stage: Puberty to Death
Maturing Sexual Interests

- not supported by empirical data

- one of the most controversial and rejected idea of Freud.

Oedipus - boy develops sexual (pleasurable) desires for his

mother.

Electra – girl desires the father, but realizes that she does not
have a penis
Mayan Quipu
Mayan Civilization ➢ Inca people used them for collecting data
• Civilization lasted 2000 years and keeping records, monitoring tax
• One of the most advanced societies in obligations, properly collecting census
Mesoamerica records, calendrical information, and for
• Known for their works on astronomy military organization.
• Predicting Eclipses Inca Textiles
• Calendar Systems ➢ Highly decorative textiles came to symbolize
• Hydraulics System both wealth and status, fine cloth could be
• Mayan Hieroglyphics used as both a tax and currency, and the very
best textiles became amongst the most
prized of all possessions, even more precious
Chichen Itza
than gold or silver.
➢ Sun is located directly at the top during ➢ S
Spring or Fall Equinoxes
Pictographs Writing
Aztec
➢ One of the world’s first civilizations to use a
Aztec Civilization
writing system known as the Mayan
Hieroglyphics • Has also made substantial contributions to science
and technology
Mayan Calendar
• Mandatory education
➢ Useful for planning their activities and in
• Chocolates
observing their religious rituals and cultural
• Antispasmodic medication
celebrations
• Chinampa
Pok-Ta-Pok
• Aztec Calendar
➢ The most popular ball game were players • Invention of the Canoe
struck the ball with their hips and are not
allowed to use their hands
Aztec Chocolate
Hydraulics System
➢ Chocolates made from the Cacao Tree
➢ Extensive irrigation system, fed by nine
known to the — Aztecs as Xocoatl
streams that ran through Palenque to the
fields below. Antispasmodic Medication
➢ Believed to help relieve insomnia, epilepsy,
and high blood pressure. Give to patients
Inca
before surgery to relax muscles and prevent
Inca Civilization muscle spasms.
• Made advanced scientific ideas considering their Chinampa
limitations as an old civilization
➢ Referred to as “floating gardens,” chinampas
• Roads paved with stones are artificial islands that were created by
• Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes interweaving reeds with stakes beneath the
• First Suspension bridge lake’s surface, creating underwater fences
• Quipu Aztec Calendar
• Inca textiles
➢ Consisted of a 365-day calendar cycle called
xiuhpohualli (year count) and a 260-day
Inca Road System ritual cycle called tonalpohualli (day count)
➢ Roads were finished with precisely arranged ➢
paving stones or cobbles
Inca Stone Buildings What is Asia?
➢ These Inca Stone Buildings can surmount Asian Civilization
earthquakes and other disasters • Biggest continent in the world
Suspension Bridge • Host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and
➢ The bridges were an integral part of the Inca political activities.
Road system and exemplify Inca innovation • Civilizations that stood out
in engineering. Bridges of this type were ➢ China
useful since the Inca people did not use ➢ India
wheeled transport.
India Civilization Gunpowder
Creatively developed various ideas and technology useful ➢ Mixed 75 parts saltpeter with 15 parts charcoal
in everyday lives. and 10 parts sulfur. This mixture had no
Known for: discernable life-lengthening properties, but it did
➢ Manufacturing iron and metallurgical works explode with a flash and a bang when exposed to
➢ Famous in medicines an open flame.
➢ Notable in the field of astronomy ➢
➢ Mathematics Printing Tools
➢ Heavenly inspired by engraved seals. ~ Mixed 75
Ayurveda parts saltpeter with 15 parts ~ charcoal and 10
parts sulfur. This mixture had no discernable life-
➢ One of the world’s oldest holistic (“whole-body”)
lengthening properties, but it did explode with a
healing systems. It was developed more than
flash and a bang when exposed to an open flame.
3,000 years ago in India.
➢
➢
Aryabhata
Middle East
➢ Indian astronomer and mathematician.
➢ Introduced trigonometric functions, Algorithms of Middle East Civilization
Algebra Dominantly occupied by Muslims
Brahmagupta Common language of Arabic, access to Greek Text,
proximity to India contributed intellectualizations to the
➢ Also suggested that gravity was a force of
Muslims
attraction, the use of zero, along with the Hindu-
Known for:
Arabic numeral system
• Mathematics
Madhava of Sangamagrama
• Chemist
➢ Founder of mathematical analysis • Medicine
➢ A

Ibn Al-Haytham
China
➢ Father of Optics
One of the ancient civilizations with substantial ➢ Empirical roof of the intromission theory of light
contributions
Known for:
Muslim Chemist and Alchemist also played an important
• Medicines role in the foundation of modern Chemistry
• Astronomy
• Science
Ibn Sina
• Mathematics
➢ Pioneered the science of experimental medicine
• Arts
and was the first physician to conduct clinical
• Philosophy
trials
• Music
➢ Two most notable works:
▪ Book of Healing
Acupuncture ▪ The Canon of Medicine
➢ A form of alternative medicine and a key
component of traditional Chinese medicine The decline of the Golden Age of Islam ended due to the
(TCM) in which thin needles are inserted into the conquest of the Mongols whereby libraries, observatories,
body and other learning institutions were destroyed.

Chinese Compass Africa

➢ Made from iron oxide, a mineral ore. Africa Civilization
➢ lron oxide is also known as lodestone and
Blessed with natural and mineral resources
magneta. Used a lodestone (which automatically
points to the south) and a bronze plate. Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before
the Europeans colonized it. Early Civilizations in Africa
Paper Making
are knowledge producers too.
➢ Before the invention of paper, the Chinese used to
Ancient Egyptians has contributed immensely and made
write on strips of wood and bamboo, or cloth and
significant advances in the fields of:
silk.
 • Astronomy
• Mathematics
• Medicine

Geometry
➢ ULES OF GEOMETRY WERE- DEVELOPED
AND USED TO BUILD | RECTILINEAR
STRUCTURES
Lebombo Bone
➢ Tool used for multiplication, division, and simple
mathematical calculation.
 Science, Technology, and Society • Mangyan generic name for 8 ethnic groups of
Module 3: Science and Technology for Nation-building indigenous people living in Mindoro
• The Manobo tribe live in Mindanao
Science
Science is important to everyone. School science education Science and Technology
should support the development of scientific literacy in all The Southern Tribes are more technological advance in
students as well as motivate them to pursue careers in science, terms of the use of weaving, pottery and system of writing.
technology, and engineering. It was theoretize that Southern Tribe were already present
The Philippines’ Grades 1-10 Science Curriculum envisions by 900 AD.
the development of scientifically, technologically, and Predictions of Weather
environmentally literate and productive members of society. Kasil
They must possess effective communication and interpersonal When animals in ranch eat grassa and wails, it means
and lifelong learning skills as well as scientific values and drought
attitudes. When Goat wails continuously meaning there will be
landslide
Life Science Medicine
Humans, Animals, Living Things, Plants, Microorganisms, Anino
Structure and Function: Humans and Other Animals, Immune Tuob
System, Cell, Genetics, Health, Evolution, and Biodiversity.
Herbolarios
Matter
Houses
Characteristics of Objects around us, Properties of Materials,
Hut
changes that Materials Undergo, Classification of Materials,
Structure of Matter, and Elements Subanon Houses
Force, Energy and Work Agriculture
Swidden Farming
Forces and Motion, Electricity, Energy Transfer and
Transformation, Light and Heat, and Sound Agricultural cycle: Pendupi, Miyan, Pemeres
Earth and Space The Constallion Orion
Soil, Weather, Natural Hazards, Astronomy, Features of the Indigenous Science
Earth, Rocks, and Plate tectonics used the process of skill through culture and values of
the community and passed down traditional knowledge
to the predecessors.
Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines
Igorot People
Philippine Science & Technology Agenda
• Mountaineer
• Northern Luzon, Philippines Innovation Culture
• The northern Luzon subgroup of the Philippine • Innovation can only happen if we have enough
languages, which belong to the Austronesian scientists and technologists to develop an “innovation
• The Igorot peoples are Austronesians. ecosystem.”
• They were known in earlier days for their wars and • Saltwater Lamp
practice of headhunting. • Diwata 1 Microsatellite
• Salamander Tricycle
Science and Technology
The Igorots were a backward tribe who couldn’t contribute ASEAN Integration requires competitive technology
any technological innovations to society We as Filipinos must expand our science and technology base
They (preserve the culture of this tribe through the to enable us to compete in an integrated ASEAN.
amalgamation of key information such as the Igorot
culture, cuisine, dance, and even the latest social and Stronger Research & Development Initiatives
political issues that have wider implications to the - Expand it by providing more grand support through DOSTs
Philippine society.) sector planning councils such as PCIERD, PCAARD and
ASTI in cooperation with universities in other regions.
Mangyan and Manobo Tribe
• Visayas and Mindanao Major Approaches
• Southern indigenous group of people Industry Development
• Upland and lowland tribal groups
 - Stronger participation of scientists and engineer to
revitalize our basic industries
Increased Food Production
- Given limited lands, technology is needed to expand
yields.
Renewable Energy
- We need new technologies to enable high electricity
yields with less dependence on natural resources for us to
meet our COP21 commitments while also lowering the
electricity price.
Faster & Cheaper Internet

Major Development Programs & Personalities in S&T in

the Philippines
Strategic Projects in 5 areas:
1. More research grants through the DOST and sectoral
planning councils and institutes.
2. Strengthen the Balik Scientist Program and retention
program for our current young scientists.
3. S&T cooperation within ASEAN especially on space
program and climate change adaptation.
4. Cooperation between industry and the science community
by involving them in the sectoral planning councils. DOSTs
programs for SMEs (such as SET-UP)
 Science, Technology, and Society
Module 4: Technology as a Way of Revealing (The
Question Concerning Technology)
The Essence of Technology
• Technology can be viewed as a means to an end
(instrumental)
• Or it can be viewed as human activity
(anthropological)
• Both are correct, but neither touches the essence of
technology
• What is the essence of technology?
• We are blinded to it when we think of it as something
neutral
Causality
• Technology brings about change causally
• The cause is what is responsible for the effect, and
the effect is indebted to the cause
• According to Aristotle, there are four ways in which
this relation holds
• The unifying notion is that of starting something on
its way to arrival
• Being responsible is an inducing to go forward
Bringing Forth
• The bringing forth which underlies causality is a
bringing out of concealment
• This revealing is what the Greeks call truth
• Technology brings forth as well, and it is a revealing
• This is seen in the way the Greeks understood techne,
which encompasses not only craft, but other acts of
the mind, and poetry
Modern Technology
• Both primitive crafts and modern technology are
revealing
• But the revealing of modern technology is not a
bringing-forth, but a challenging-forth
• It challenges nature, by extracting something from it
and transforming it, storing it up, distributing it, etc.
The Standing-Reserve
• Modern technology takes all of nature to stand in
reserve for its exploitation
• Man is challenged to do this, and as such he becomes
part of the standing reserve
• Man becomes the instrument of technology, to be
exploited in the ordering of nature
Enframing
• It is not man that orders nature through technology,
but a more basic process of revealing
• The challenge of this revealing is called “enframing”
• In enframing, the actual is revealed as a standing-
reserve
• This is “historically” prior to the development of
science
• Enframing is the essence of technology
Destining
• Men are sent upon the way of revealing the actual as
a standing-reserve
• So enframing, and hence technology, is a “destining”
• The destining of man to reveal nature carries with it
the danger of misconstrual
The Danger
• Man is in danger of becoming merely part of the
standing-reserve
• Alternatively, he may find only himself in nature
• Most importantly, he may think that the ordering of
the world through technology is the fundamental
mode of revealing
• So the real threat of technology comes from its
essence, not its activities or products
The Saving Power
• The poet Hölderlin writes that the saving power
grows where danger is
• The saving would allow a bringing-forth that is not a
challenging-forth (things would reveal themselves
not just as standing-reserve)
• Both technology and bringing-forth grow out of
“granting,” which allows revealing
Art as Saving Power
• Poetry and other arts have the power to reveal, in the
sense of “bringing-forth”
• Poetry is included in the Aristotelian techne, and is
akin to modern technology
• But it is also fundamentally different from
technology
• It may be the best means for getting at the essence of
technology itself
 Science, Technology, and Society
Module 5: Information Age
Gutenberg: Start of the Information Age
• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in the
mid 1400's. The book refers to this as the start of the
spread of information to the masses. His invention
did make information available to more people than
ever before.
Information Age
• The Information Age is a historic period beginning in
the late 20th century and characterized by the rapid
shift from traditional industry that the Industrial
Revolution brought through industrialization to an
economy primarily based upon information
technology.
Information Age: A Brief
• The Information Age, also called the Computer Age,
the Digital Age and the New Media Age, is coupled
tightly with the advent of personal computers, but
many computer historians trace its beginnings to the
work of the American mathematician Claude E.
Shannon. At age 32 and as a researcher at Bell
Laboratories, Shannon published a landmark paper
proposing that information can be quantitatively
encoded as a series of ones and zeroes. Known as the
"father of Information Theory," Shannon showed
how all information media, from telephone signals to
radio waves to television, could be transmitted
without error using this single framework.
• By the 1970s, with the development of the Internet by
the United States Department of Defense and the
subsequent adoption of personal computers a decade
later, the Information or Digital Revolution was
underway. More technological changes, such as the
development of fiber optic cables and faster
microprocessors, accelerated the transmission and
processing of information. The World Wide Web,
used initially by companies as an electronic billboard
for their products and services, morphed into an
interactive consumer exchange for goods and
information.
• Electronic mail (email), which permitted near-instant
exchange of information, was widely adopted as the
primary platform for workplace and personal
communications. The digitization of information has
had a profound impact on traditional media
businesses, such as book publishing, the music
industry and more recently the major television and
cable networks. As information is increasingly
described in digital form, businesses across many
industries have sharpened their focus on how to
capitalize on the Information Age.
• Companies whose businesses are built on digitized
information have become valuable and powerful in a
relatively short period of time. In "The companies
that define the Information Age are the ones that
know consumers the best," author Larry Allen of
Real Media Group points out that just as land owners
held the wealth and wielded power in the Agrarian
Age and manufacturers such as Henry Ford and
Cyrus McCormick accumulated fortunes in the
Industrial Age, the current Information Age has
spawned its own breed of wealthy influential brokers,
from Microsoft's Bill Gates to Apple's Steve Jobs to
Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg.
Beyond Information Age
• What would a world with too much information look
like? And what problems would it create?
Paralysis Through Analysis
• In a world of ubiquitous information, there is always
more out there. Information gathering is easy, and
often quite enjoyable as well. Many students
frequently complain that they need more information
before coming to a view on a difficult case-study
decision. Many corporate decisions are delayed
because of the need for further analysis. Whether due
to the complexity of the decision in front of them, or
because of the fear of not performing sufficient due
diligence, the easy option facing any executive is
simply to request more information.
Easy Access to Data Makes Us Intellectually Lazy
• Many firms have invested a lot of money in “big
data” and sophisticated data-crunching techniques.
But a data-driven approach to analysis has a couple
of big flaws. First, the bigger the database, the easier
it is to find support for any hypothesis you choose to
test. Second, big data makes us lazy – we allow rapid
processing power to substitute for thinking and
judgment. One example: pharmaceutical companies
fell in love with “high throughput screening”
techniques in the 1990s, as a way of testing out all
possible molecular combinations to match a target. It
was a bust. Most have now moved back towards a
more rational model based around deep
understanding, experience and intuition.
Impulsive and Flighty Consumers
• Watch how your fellow commuters juggle their
smartphone, tablet and Kindle. Or marvel at your
teenager doing his homework. With multiple sources
of stimulation available at our fingertips, the capacity
to focus and concentrate on a specific activity is
falling. This has implications for how firms manage
their internal processes – with much greater emphasis
 being placed on holding people’s attention than
before. It also has massive consequences for how
firms manage their consumer relationships, as the
traditional sources of “stickiness” in those
relationships are being eroded.
A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing
• We are quick to access information that helps us, but
we often lack the ability to make sense of it, or to use
it appropriately. Doctors encounter this problem on a
daily basis, as patients show up with (often incorrect)
self-diagnoses. Senior executives second-guess their
subordinates because their corporate IT system gives
them line-of-sight down to detailed plant-level data.
We also see this at a societal level: people believe
they have the right to information that is in the public
interest (think Wikileaks), but they are rarely capable
of interpreting and using it in a sensible way. The
broader point here is that the democratization of
information creates an imbalance between the “top”
and “bottom” of society, and most firms are not good
at coping with this shift.
Consequences
• So what are the consequences of a business world
with “too much information”? At an individual level,
we face two contrasting risks. One is that we become
obsessed with getting to the bottom of a problem, and
we keep on digging, desperate to find the truth but
taking forever to do so. The other risk is that we
become overwhelmed with the amount of information
out there and we give up: we realise we cannot
actually master the issue at hand, and we end up
falling back on a pre-existing belief.
Social Media
• Social media are interactive computer-mediated
technologies that facilitate the creation or sharing of
information, ideas, career interests and other forms of
expression via virtual communities and networks.
Ways Social Media has Changed Our Society
• Does anyone still remember a world without social
media?
• It is hard to believe that only a little over a decade
ago, our way of life was really different from the way
it is now.
On Social Media’s Existence
• Although, they were some social media sites long
before that, most of the population did not really see
the need or use for it. Most did not even have the
access to them. It wasn’t until Facebook, Twitter and
smart phones came along when things really started
to change.
• Needless to say that in 2017, social media has forever
changed the way society works, whether it’s the
sharing of an idea, the communication of news, or the
availability of a product or service. Social media is
now used in almost every part of our lives.
Business Impact
• Businesses across the globe can now amplify their
brand message to a wider audience than they could
ever dream of doing before achieving success that
they could only wish for. In the old days, mass media
ruled. A company had to pony up thousands or even
millions of dollars to be heard in most cases. Very
large companies with deep pockets ruled the roost.
Only those businesses could afford to have wider
reach.
• And now? Well, even an individual with a very
brilliant idea coupled with excellent marketing
abilities can achieve great financial success on social
media.
• Small companies are curving out a market for
themselves amongst the 2.4 billion people estimated
to be connected on social media quite easily.
Compared to television advertisements and other
expensive forms of marketing, social media presence
is a cheap and effective means to enhance brand
image and popularity.
• Social media has moved from a “nice to have” to a
“must have” component or department of a
company’s business strategy.
Social Impact
• In terms of social circles, social media has broken
down barriers when it comes to communicating and
we are spoilt for choice when it comes to ways of
getting in contact with someone.
• Social media has also made it easier for us to express
ourselves. They are numerous ways we can express
ourselves, not only to our friends but to the outside
world. Whether that is through Facebook, Instagram
pictures, YouTube videos, Medium articles. Normal
people now have the capacity to make their opinion
known on a massive scale. Before social media, you
could have an opinion but you could only tell a few
people close to you, and now, the story is different.
Within a few minutes, thousands could know about
your opinion.
• Social media has also made it easier for us to track
people down. I know what some of my former high
school peers are up to even when I have not even
been in touch with some of them for years. It’s that
easy. There are seemingly endless sources we can
search to access the information we need to find the
people we have to find
• Social networks offer the opportunity for people to
re-connect with their old friends and acquaintances,
 make new friends, trade ideas, share content and
pictures, and many other activities.
• Quite too often you see people with double identities.
A self-centred attitude and the need to be accepted
and liked by ‘friends’ on social media has led people
to create or lead a life that they feel will be accepted
and liked by the masses. And well most people attach
their self-esteem to their social media activity.
• Another thing that most people forget, is that, If you
are not careful, what you post on the Net can come
back to haunt you. Revealing personal information on
social sites can make users vulnerable to crimes like
identity theft, stalking, etc. As stated earlier on, many
companies perform a background check on the
Internet before hiring an employee. If a prospective
employee has posted something embarrassing on
social media, it can drastically affect their chances of
getting the job.
• But just like most things, they are drawbacks and
downsides to the excessive use and reliance of social
media…
• First of all, the idea of ‘friends‘ was once very
simple. If you knew someone, hung out with them
regularly, and liked their company then they were a
friend. While the people who still fit that description
are still your friends, so are the people you have
connected with on social networking sites apparently.
Whether you talk to them, care about what they’re up
to, or have any interest in them whatsoever, they’re
still listed as friends.
• In terms of productivity, it is quite easy to lose your
focus on what you’re doing because of being addicted
to social media. In fact, many companies have
blocked social networks on their office Internet as
addicted employees can distract themselves on such
sites, instead of focusing on work.
• Cyber bullying is also becoming frequent. If you are
not careful, unscrupulous people can target you for
cyber bullying and harassment on social sites. School
children, young girls, and women can fall prey to
online attacks which can create tension and distress.
Conclusion
• No doubt that social media is changing and will
continue to change our society. This change is
permanent because the upcoming generation won’t
even know a world were social media does not exist.
This has its advantages and disadvantages, but like
everything else, it’s up to the user to decide whether
social media can enhance their lives or not and this
all depends on how they decide to use it.
Political Correctness
• Political correctness is a term used to describe
language, policies, or measures that are intended to
avoid offense or disadvantage to members of
particular groups in society.
The Truth about Political Correctness is that It Doesn’t
Actually Exist
• Jonathan Chait has written an article for New York
Magazine about his concerns that political
correctness threatens free debate by trying to silence
certain points of view.
Chait’s POV
• Political correctness, in Chait's view, is a "system of
left-wing ideological repression" that threatens the
"bedrock liberal ideal" of a "free political
marketplace where we can reason together as
individuals." He writes, "While politically less
threatening than conservatism (the far right still
commands far more power in American life), the p.c.
left is actually more philosophically threatening. It is
an undemocratic creed."
• But political correctness isn't a "creed" at all. Rather
it's a sort of catch-all term we apply to people who
ask for more sensitivity to a particular cause than
we're willing to give — a way to dismiss issues as
frivolous in order to justify ignoring them. Worse, the
charge of "political correctness" is often used by
those in a position of privilege to silence debates
raised by marginalized people — to say that their
concerns don't deserve to be voiced, much less
addressed.
• That's a much bigger threat to the "free political
marketplace" that Chait is so eager to protect.
• "Politically correct" is a term we use to dismiss ideas
that make us uncomfortable.
• First things first: there's no such thing as "political
correctness." The term's in wide use, certainly, but
has no actual fixed or specific meaning. What defines
it is not what it describes but how it's used: as a way
to dismiss a concern or demand as a frivolous
grievance rather than a real issue.
• Chait identifies a long list of disputes that he
describes as examples of "p.c." demands that are
hurting mainstream liberalism. But calling these
concerns "political correctness" is another way of
saying that they aren't important enough to be
addressed on their merits. And all that really means is
that they're not important to Jonathan Chait.
• An example from outside of Chait's article makes it
easy to see how that technique works in practice. I,
personally, think that the name of the Washington
Redskins is racist and hurtful to Native Americans,
and should be changed. So if someone asks me what I
think of the debate about the team, that's what I say.
By contrast, Virginia legislator Del Jackson Miller
likes the name and wants the team to keep it. But
rather than making an argument on the merits of the
 name, he referred to the entire debate as "political
correctness on overdrive." In other words, he's
saying, this is a false debate — just another example
of "political correctness" — so I don't have to even
acknowledge concerns about racism. (Miller, in fact,
claimed that it was literally fake, an issue trumped up
by a "rich member of the Oneida tribe.")
• That's a failure of communication and, arguably, of
basic respect. Miller isn't engaging with critics of the
Redskins name by considering why they find it
hurtful, and offering his basis for disagreement —
he's dismissing the whole conversation as unworthy
of discussion.
• Likewise, Chait clearly believes that
"microaggressions" aren't important enough to merit
his concern, and that "trigger warnings" are a foolish
request made by over-sensitive people. But he doesn't
spend much time considering why the people who
demand them might think they do matter. The open
communication offered by platforms like Twitter has
brought Chait into contact with ideas that he clearly
finds weird and silly. But rather than considering
their merits, or why they matter to the people who put
them forward, he dismisses them as political
correctness, and concludes that their very existence
constitutes "ideological repression."
It's tempting to dismiss uncomfortable criticism.
• It's understandable that Chait, and the many others
who agree with him, find it so upsetting to be on the
receiving end of what he refers to as "P.C." criticism.
These critiques basically accuse their targets of being
oppressors, or perpetuating injustice, and that's a
deeply hurtful accusation. Indeed, that kind of
criticism hurts most if you are someone who cares
about social justice, or do think that discrimination is
harmful when it's implicit as well as when it's
explicit.
• But avoiding that discomfort by dismissing criticism
as mere "political correctness" is no way to protect
the marketplace of ideas whose fate so concerns
Chait. At best, it replaces a relatively weak burden on
free speech (Jonathan Chait has to listen to people
scolding him on Twitter) with a similarly weak one
(other people have to listen to Chait and his
supporters scolding them for their "political
correctness").
• But the reality is that the burdens are not equal,
because the arguments that get dismissed as mere
"p.c." nonsense are overwhelmingly likely to be
raised by people who are less privileged, and to
concern issues that are outside the mainstream.
• Look at Chait's own examples. rans women who
protest definitions of "women" as "people with
vaginas" aren't merely bellyaching about terminology
— they're people on the margins of a group making
legitimate demands for inclusion. Women of color
who point out the many ways in which white
feminists overlook issues that affect minority women
aren't engaging in race-based arguments just for the
fun of it, they're pointing out that the feminist
movement had promised to protect their interests, but
was in fact ignoring them.
• And while I personally don't think that trigger
warnings are a workable solution to the problem of
trauma, and have not used them in my own writing or
teaching, I think that our society does generally
struggle to take women's safety into account, and I do
not feel that shutting down that conversation is the
appropriate solution to the problem of harassment of
women.
• Discrimination and safety are serious matters that
actually do affect people's ability to participate in
public discussion — yes, even more so than the
degree to which people in positions of privilege have
to hear arguments they dislike. Writing them off as
frivolous disputes over what is or isn't "politically
correct" makes those problems much harder to
address.
There's a difference between pointing out real problems
and "tone policing"
• Take, for instance, a phenomenon that actually and
demonstrably restricts the free exchange of ideas: the
harassment of women online. It is a depressing fact of
life that women who discuss controversial subjects
publicly are often targeted by harassers who want to
silence them. (As are many other groups, of course.)
And yet, bizarrely, women's requests for safety online
are often dismissed as "politically correct" threats to
free speech, rather than as a way to promote it.
How dismissing problems as "political correctness"
hinders efforts to solve them
• But when women protest online harassment, their
concerns are often dismissed as a politically-correct
attempt to censor the views of people they disagree
with. This dismissal is also often used to reject the
premise that measures might be needed to make
women safer.
• During last year’s "Gamergate" campaign, which
involved large-scale campaigns of online threats and
harassment directed against women, harassers
referred to their targets as "SJWs" — short for "social
justice warriors." Although Gamergate's core dispute
nominally concerned the way that video games are
reviewed (hence the name), it quickly became clear
that the online "movement" was more alarmed about
women gaining power within the gaming community.
Describing women's goals as merely being about
"social justice" was a way to dismiss their
contributions, ideas, and even personal safety as
superficial grievance politics.
 • Nor was that attitude limited to Gamergate. Blogger
Andrew Sullivan wasn't part of Gamergate, and says
that he "actively support[s] suspending abusive,
stalking tweeters or those threatening violence." But
when Twitter announced its decision to partner with
the nonprofit WAM (Women, Action, & the Media)
in order to combat harassment online, Sullivan
denounced the move, referring to women as social
justice warriors and warning that they were going to
have a "censorship field day," before dismissing
WAM’s past work as crude "identity politics."

The phrase "politically correct" is a way to say an issue

has no value
• Chait's article does not mention Gamergate, and
there's no reason to believe that he's anything other
than appalled at online harassment. Likewise,
Sullivan did not use the phrase "politically correct."
• But their arguments are fundamentally the same: that
marginalized people's demands for inclusion are just
a bunch of annoying whining, and that efforts to
address their concerns are unnecessary. They also
betray the deeper concern: that listening to the
demands of marginalized groups is dangerous,
because doing so could potentially burden the lives,
or at least change the speech, of more privileged
people.
• And you know what? They're probably right. Chait
proudly praises the "historical record of American
liberalism" for extending rights to "blacks, Jews,
gays, and women," but Americans used to be able to
refer to members of those groups as "coloreds,"
"kikes," and "fags," without fearing the
consequences. But doing so now would result in
serious social censure — exactly the kind of
"coercion" that Chait looks upon and despairs in his
article.
• Likewise, it is possible that efforts to address online
harassment will put some sort of burden on the
Andrew Sullivans of this world. (Although at this
point those efforts are so feeble that it's a little hard to
imagine.) There is a legitimate argument to be had
about how the "freedom" of social media platforms
with few restrictions but lots of threats ought to be
balanced against people's "freedom" to participate in
online debates without having to fear for their lives or
safety. But the way to deal with that is to actually
have that argument, not to suggest that the people
asking for protection are just trying to censor free
speech.
 Science, Technology, and Society
Module 6: Microscopic World
Nanotechnology
• A branch of technology that deals with the
manipulation and study of matter at the nanoscale. It
covers all types of research and technologies that deal
with the special properties of matter on an atomic
molecular and supramolecular scale.
Our World at the Nanoscale
• “Nano” means a billionth of a meter. There are many
natural sources of nano-scale materials, including
fine sand, sea spray, and volcanic eruptions.
Nanomaterials are not new. There are many examples
of nanomaterials in nature, all around us, every day.
Natural Nanostructures
• The scales on the surface of a butterfly’s wing are
composed of multilayered nano-scale structures.
These structures create brilliant colors and also help
the butterfly shed water and dirt.
• Spider silks are some of the toughest materials known
to man. The silks get their strength from thin
crystalline proteins only nanometers wide.
Where can you find “nano” every day?
The Human Body – much of our basic biology happens at the
nanoscale.
• A red blood cell is approximately 10,000 nanometers
across.
• Hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen through
the body, is 5.5 nanometers in diameter.
• A strand of DNA, one of the building blocks of
human life, is only about 2.5 nanometers in diameter
Technology – almost all electronic devices made in the last
decade, including today’s most advanced computer chips and
personal electronic devices, were manufactured using
nanotechnology.
• Transistors, the basic switches that enable all modern
computing, have gotten smaller and smaller through
nanotechnology. A one nanometer transistor was first
introduced in 2016.
• Nanomaterials are used to create displays that have
better color, lower energy consumption and longer
service life.
Healthcare – enhanced medical imaging, bandages that help to
prevent infection and more targeted medicines are all made
possible with nanotechnology.
• Nano coatings on artificial joints and other medical
implants can enhance durability and reduce the
chance of rejection by the body.
• Nanotechnology is at the forefront of some of the
newest, most sophisticated tools used for detecting
and treating cancer.
Building & Construction – nanotechnology enables the
development of next generation materials that are stronger,
lighter and more durable.
• Nanotechnology has allowed us to develop paints and
coatings that are self-cleaning, have greater durability
and break down pollutants in the air.
• “Smart” windows use nanotechnology to regulate UV
light penetration and increase energy efficiency.
What are the benefits of nanotechnology?
• Products for a more energy-efficient world, such as
more efficient fuel cells, batteries and solar panels.
• Highly sophisticated tools for detecting and treating
cancer, bandages that help to prevent infection, better
medical imaging technology and more.
• Next generation materials that are stronger, lighter
and more durable than many of the materials used
today in buildings, bridges, airplanes, automobiles
and other applications.
• Solutions that help to create more drinkable water
from groundwater sources and also for cleaning
contaminated soil.
How does it work?
• Scientists in universities and companies around the
world are exploring how nanotechnology can be used
to develop innovative products in fields as diverse as
medicine, transportation and computing.
How do we know if it is safe?
• Health, safety and environmental professionals in
industries that use nanotechnology work to achieve
its responsible development. Managing
nanotechnology and nano-enabled products
responsibly requires an understanding of intended
product uses, a science-based assessment of potential
risks and communication of appropriate health and
environmental safety information to promote safe
handling, use and disposal practices. Responsible
development of nanotechnology is important to
advance its acceptance by regulators and the public.
What are GMOs?
• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) refer
broadly to organisms that are produced when selected
individual genes are transferred from a given donor
organism into another target organism, typically
conferring desired properties to the new organism.
• GMOs can include plants, animals, and enzymes.
Some GMOs have been approved by regulatory
agencies for commercial production and
consumption, while others are currently undergoing
 regulatory evaluation. Still other GMOs are in
experimental stages and confined to scientific
laboratory research. According the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) by 2012, 93% of
soybeans, 94% of cotton, and 88% of corn grown in
the U.S. were genetically modified.
What are some things GMOs are modified to do?
Pest Resistance
• The genome of Bt corn has been modified to include
a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis
which produces a protein poisonous to the European
corn borer, an insect that damages corn crops.
Virus Resistance
• Developed at the University of Hawaii, the
genetically modified papaya is resistant to Papaya
Ringspot Virus (PRSV) a plant virus spread
predominantly by aphids. The Rainbow papaya
variety is produced by introducing a protein from the
PRSV into plant tissue, which confers resistance to
the virus. This method works in much the same way
as human influenza virus vaccinations.
Herbicide Tolerance
• Glyphosate is an herbicide widely used to kill weeds.
Tolerance to the herbicide was genetically engineered
into agricultural crops, such as soybeans, allowing
farmers to broadly spray their farms without killing
the crops.
Fortification
• Engineered to include beta-carotene biosynthesis
genes, Golden rice was developed to address dietary
vitamin A shortages in the developing world. Rice
does not usually produce betacarotene, a precursor of
vitamin A, in the edible portion of the grain.
Research is currently being conducted on the
bioavailability of the genetically modified grain.
Cosmetic Preservation
• Currently in the regulatory pipeline in the U.S. and
Canada, Arctic Apples are genetically engineered to
silence the apple gene responsible for browning due
to superficial damage. The technology is being
advertised as cost-saving across the entire apple
supply chain.
Who are the stakeholders?
Stakeholders
• Stakeholders are the individuals, organizations,
communities, agencies and governments with a
vested interest in the issue. Stakeholders in the debate
over GMO foods include the global community,
sovereign Tribal nations, municipalities, local
communities, industry, biotechnology firms, organic
and conventional farmers, farm workers, fishermen,
religious groups, ecologists, engineers, toxicologists,
risk analysts, doctors, politicians, parents, children,
non-governmental organizations, and advocacy
organizations.
• Stakeholders also include non-human entities such as
the environment itself, or specific environmental
resources. In short, everyone who has a vested
interest in the food supply may be a stakeholder,
although in practice not every stakeholder group is
likely to get equal say in the debate due to power
structures, economics, access to information, etc.
Gene Therapy
• Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses
genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this
technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by
inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using
drugs or surgery.
• Researchers are testing several approaches to gene
therapy, including:
o Replacing a mutated gene that causes
disease with a healthy copy of the gene.
o Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated
gene that is functioning improperly.
o Introducing a new gene into the body to help
fight a disease.
• Although gene therapy is a promising treatment
option for a number of diseases (including inherited
disorders, some types of cancer, and certain viral
infections), the technique remains risky and is still
under study to make sure that it will be safe and
effective. Gene therapy is currently being tested only
for diseases that have no other cures.
How does it work?
1. Gene therapy is designed to introduce genetic
material into cells to compensate for abnormal genes
or to make a beneficial protein. If a mutated gene
causes a necessary protein to be faulty or missing,
gene therapy may be able to introduce a normal copy
of the gene to restore the function of the protein.
2. A gene that is inserted directly into a cell usually
does not function. Instead, a carrier called a vector is
genetically engineered to deliver the gene. Certain
viruses are often used as vectors because they can
deliver the new gene by infecting the cell. The
viruses are modified so they can't cause disease when
used in people. Some types of virus, such as
retroviruses, integrate their genetic material
(including the new gene) into a chromosome in the
human cell. Other viruses, such as adenoviruses,
introduce their DNA into the nucleus of the cell, but
the DNA is not integrated into a chromosome.
3. The vector can be injected or given intravenously (by
IV) directly into a specific tissue in the body, where it
is taken up by individual cells. Alternately, a sample
of the patient's cells can be removed and exposed to
the vector in a laboratory setting. The cells containing
the vector are then returned to the patient. If the
 treatment is successful, the new gene delivered by the ethical concerns, the U.S. Government does not allow
vector will make a functioning protein. federal funds to be used for research on germline
4. Researchers must overcome many technical gene therapy in people.
challenges before gene therapy will be a practical
approach to treating disease. For example, scientists
must find better ways to deliver genes and target
them to particular cells. They must also ensure that
new genes are precisely controlled by the body.

Is gene therapy safe?

• Gene therapy is under study to determine whether it
could be used to treat disease. Current research is
evaluating the safety of gene therapy; future studies
will test whether it is an effective treatment option.
Several studies have already shown that this approach
can have very serious health risks, such as toxicity,
inflammation, and cancer. Because the techniques are
relatively new, some of the risks may be
unpredictable; however, medical researchers,
institutions, and regulatory agencies are working to
ensure that gene therapy research is as safe as
possible.

What are the ethical issues surrounding gene therapy?

• Because gene therapy involves making changes to the
body’s set of basic instructions, it raises many unique
ethical concerns. The ethical questions surrounding
gene therapy include:
o How can “good” and “bad” uses of gene
therapy be distinguished?
o Who decides which traits are normal and
which constitute a disability or disorder?
o Will the high costs of gene therapy make it
available only to the wealthy?
o Could the widespread use of gene therapy
make society less accepting of people who
are different?
o Should people be allowed to use gene
therapy to enhance basic human traits such
as height, intelligence, or athletic ability?
• Current gene therapy research has focused on treating
individuals by targeting the therapy to body cells
such as bone marrow or blood cells. This type of
gene therapy cannot be passed to a person’s children.
Gene therapy could be targeted to egg and sperm
cells (germ cells), however, which would allow the
inserted gene to be passed to future generations. This
approach is known as germline gene therapy.
• The idea of germline gene therapy is controversial.
While it could spare future generations in a family
from having a particular genetic disorder, it might
affect the development of a fetus in unexpected ways
or have long-term side effects that are not yet known.
Because people who would be affected by germline
gene therapy are not yet born, they can’t choose
whether to have the treatment. Because of these
 Science, Technology, and Society
Module 7: Environment and Climate Change
Environment
• All the things around us with which we interact
• Living things
o Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc.
• Nonliving things
o Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks
o Our built environment
o Buildings, human-created living centers
o Social relationships and institutions
What is Environmental Science?
• It is the systematic study of our environment and our
proper place in it.
• It is highly interdisciplinary, integrating natural
sciences, social sciences, and humanities in a broad,
holistic study of the world around us.
• “Study of how earth works, how we interact with the
earth and how to deal with environmental problems.”
• “sound engineering thought and practice in the
solution of environmental sanitation …provision of
safe water supplies; … proper disposal of recycle of
wastewater and solid wastes; …drainage…” Davis,
Mackenzie and Susan Masten (2004), Principles of
Environmental Engineering and Science,
International Edition. McGraw Hill Companies
Natural Resources: Vital to Human Survival
• Renewable Natural Resources
o Sunlight
o Wind Energy
o Wave Energy
o Geothermal Energy
o Agricultural Crops
o Fresh Water
o Forest Products
o Soils
• Nonrenewable Natural Resources
o Crude Oil
o Natural Gas
o Coal
o Copper, Aluminum, and Other Metals
• “…the earth enables our people to survive, the
environment must be respected and maintained. As
long as the earth remains healthy, the people remain
healthy.” (Long and Fox, 1996)
Global Human Population Growth
• More than 7.8 billion humans (2020)
• Philippines – 109 million (2020)
• Why so many humans?
o Agricultural revolution
o Stable food supplies
o Industrial revolution
o Urbanized society powered by fossil fuels
o Sanitation and medicines
o More food
Human population growth exacerbates all environmental
problems
• The growth rate has slowed…but we still add more
than 200,000 people to the planet each day We
depend completely on the environment for survival
• Life has become more pleasant for us so far
(Increased wealth, health, mobility, leisure time)
• But…natural systems have been degraded and
environmental changes threaten longterm health and
survival
The “Ecological Footprint”
• The environmental impact of a person or population
• Amount of biologically productive land + water for
raw materials and to dispose/recycle waste
• Humans have surpassed the Earth’s capacity
• We are using 30% more of the planet’s resources
than are available on a sustainable basis!
Ecological Footprints of Different Countries
• The ecological footprints of countries vary greatly
• The U.S. footprint is almost 5 times greater than the
world’s average
• Developing countries have much smaller footprints
than developed countries
Challenges in Agriculture
• Expanded food production led to increased
population and consumption
• It’s one of humanity’s greatest achievements, but at
an enormous environmental cost
• Nearly half of the planet’s land surface is used for
agriculture
o Chemical fertilizers
o Pesticides
o Erosion
o Changed natural systems
Challenges in Pollution
• Waste products and artificial chemicals used in
farms, industries, and households
• Each year, millions of people die from pollution
Challenges in Climate
• Scientists have firmly concluded that humans are
changing the composition of the atmosphere
• The Earth’s surface is warming
o Melting glaciers
o Rising sea levels
 o Impacted wildlife and crops
o Increasingly destructive weather
• Since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations have risen by 37%, to the
highest level in 650,000 years
Challenges in Biodiversity
• Human actions have driven many species extinct, and
biodiversity is declining dramatically
• Biodiversity loss may be our biggest environmental
problem; once a species is extinct, it is gone forever
Our energy choices will affect our future
• The lives we live today are due to fossil fuels
o Machines
o Chemicals
o Transportation
o Products
• Fossil fuels are a one-time bonanza; supplies will
certainly decline
• We have used up ½ of the world’s oil supplies; how
will we handle this imminent fossil fuel shortage?
Sustainable Solutions Exist
• We must develop solutions that protect both our
quality of life and the environment
• Organic agriculture
• Technology
• Reduces pollution
• Biodiversity
• Protect species
• Waste disposal
• Recycling
• Alternative fuels
Sustainability
• Leaves future generations with a rich and full Earth
• Conserves the Earth’s natural resources
• Maintains fully functioning ecological systems
• Sustainable Development: the use of resources to
satisfy current needs without compromising future
availability of resources
• Environmental science helps us understand our
relationship with the environment and informs our
attempts to solve and prevent problems.
• Solving environmental problems can move us
towards health, longevity, peace and prosperity.
• Environmental science can help us find balanced
solutions to environmental problems.
Water and its Uses
• Domestic
• Municipal
• Industrial
• Irrigation and Livestock Farming
• Fisheries
• Power Generation
• Recreational
Water Bodies
• Water body -means both natural and man-made
bodies of fresh, brackish, and saline waters, and
includes, but is not limited to, aquifers, groundwater,
springs, creeks, streams, rivers, ponds, lagoons, water
reservoirs, lakes, bays, estuarine, coastal and marine
waters.
Sources of Water Pollution
• Point Source
o any identifiable source of pollution with
specific point of discharge into a particular
water body
• Non-Point Source
o any source of pollution not identifiable as a
point source to include, but not be limited to,
runoff from irrigation or rainwater, which
picks up pollutants from farms and urban
areas
Effects of Water Pollution
• Aesthetic effects
• Health effects
• Loss of water ecosystems (biodiversity)
• Economic

Will we develop in a sustainable way? Protecting Our Water Resources

• Sustainable solutions that meet • RA 9275 Clean Water Act
o Environmental goals o a policy of economic growth in a manner
o Economic goals consistent with the protection, preservation
o Social goals and revival of the quality of our fresh,
• Requires that humans apply knowledge from the brackish and marine waters
sciences to • DAO 2016-008
o Limit environmental impacts o Water Quality Guidelines and General
o Maintain functioning ecological systems Effluent Standards of 2016 is in compliance
with the Philippine Clean Water Act which
mandates the DENR to enforce, review and
Conclusion
 revise water quality guidelines as well as
review and set effluent standards
Water Quality Guidelines
• Water Quality
o means the characteristics of water, which
define its use in characteristics by terms of
physical, chemical, biological,
bacteriological or radiological characteristics
• Water Quality Guidelines
o level for a water constituent or numerical
values of physical, chemical, biological and
bacteriological or radiological parameters
which are used to classify water resources
and their use
o based on health risks
o not intended for direct enforcement but only
for water quality management purposes
Protection from Point Sources
• Effluent standards are limits in terms of concentration
and/or volume for any wastewater discharge coming
from a point source
• Different limits depending on classification of
receiving water body
• Set-forth in DAO 2016-08
• GENERAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS: all point
sources must meet the general effluent standards at
all times
Protection from Pollution from Non-Point Sources
• Watershed management
o Pollution prevention measures include
regulating land use, banning the use of
certain chemicals
• Management of urban runoff
o Street sweeping, anti-littering laws
o Treatment of storm water or storm water
diversion
• Preservation of wetlands
Life on Land
What is Solid Waste?
• Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned
materials.
• Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or
containerized gaseous materials.
Solid Waste
• Solid waste refers to all discarded
o household waste;
o commercial waste;
o non-hazardous institutional and industrial
waste;
o street sweepings;
o construction debris;
o agricultural waste; and
o other nonhazardous/non-toxic solid waste
• Biodegradable waste – waste that can be decomposed
by natural process. (eg.domestic sewage, food table
scraps, vegetable peelings, paper, etc.)
• Non – biodegradable waste – waste that can not be
decomposed by natural process. ( eg. Aluminum,
cans, glass, metals, etc.)
Types of Solid Waste
• agricultural solid waste = includes animal manure,
waste from slaughter houses, crop harvestings, etc.
• mineral solid waste = wastes in mining minerals and
fossil fuels.
• municipal solid waste =
o industrial waste = toxic hazarduos wastes
from industrial firms
o residential waste = household garbage
Examples of Solid Wastes
• Waste tires
• Scrap metal
• Latex paints, empty aerosol cans
• Furniture and Appliances
• Household Garbage (ex. Food wastes)
• Vehicles
• Oil
• Construction and demolition Debris
Solid Waste
• The following are not covered by RA 9003
o Waste identified or listed as hazardous waste
(either solid, liquid, gaseous or in semisolid
form) which may cause or contribute to
death, serious or incapacitating illness, or
acute/ chronic effect on the health of persons
and other organisms;
o Infectious waste from hospitals
o Waste resulting from mining activities,
including contaminated soil and debris.
Municipal Solid Waste
• Municipal waste shall refer to wastes produced from
activities within local government units which
include a combination of domestic, commercial,
institutional and industrial wastes and street litters.
RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
• Implementing Rules and Regulations for R.A. 9003:
DENR Administrative Order No2001-34 issued on
December 21, 2001
 • An act providing for an ecological solid waste
management program, creating the necessary
institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring
certain acts prohibited and providing penalties,
appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes
Solid Waste Segregation
Solid wastes shall be segregated into the following categories:
1. Compostable;
2. Non-recyclable;
3. Recyclable;
4. Special wastes; and
5. Any other classification determined by the National
Solid Waste Management Commission.
Impacts of Solid Waste
• HEALTH and ENVIRONMENT
• Disease
• Generation of greenhouse gases
• Odour, aesthetics
• Flooding
• Pollution/ contamination of water supplies
• Affects marine habitats
• Results to losses in trade and tourism
Solid Waste Management
• control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes
• involves evaluating local needs and conditions, and
then selecting and combining the most appropriate
waste management activities for those conditions.
Ecological Solid Waste Management
• Systematic management of solid waste which
provides for:
• Waste reduction at source;
• Segregation at source for recovery of reusables,
recyclables and compostable;
• Segregated transportation, storage, transfer,
processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste; and
• All other waste management activities which do not
harm the environment.
Recycling
• prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and
water pollutants,
• saves energy,
• supplies valuable raw materials to industry, creates
jobs,
• stimulates the development of greener technologies,
conserves resources and
• reduces the need for new landfills and combustors.
Materials Recovery Facility
• Facility designed to receive, sort, process, and store
compostable and recyclable materials efficiently and
in an environmentally sound manner
• Advanced facilities makes use of the properties of
materials to sort the waste
• Involves manual labor
Solid Waste Disposal
• Open dump shall refer to a disposal area wherein the
solid wastes are indiscriminately thrown or disposed
of without due planning and consideration for
environmental and Health standards.
• Controlled dump shall refer to a disposal site at
which solid waste is deposited in accordance with the
minimum prescribed standards of site operation
• Sanitary landfill refers to a waste disposal site
designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a
manner that exerts engineering control over
significant potential environment impacts arising
from the development and operation of the facility
Sanitary Landfill
• Advantages
o volume can increase with little addition of
people/equipment
o filled land can be reused for other
community purposes
• Disadvantages
o completed landfill areas can settle and
requires maintenance
o requires proper planning, design, and
operation
Dump Sites
• Advantages
o Inexpensive
• Disadvantages
o health-hazard - insects, rodents etc.
o damage due to air pollution
o ground water and run-off pollution
Landfill Design Considerations
• Liquid Collection
• Impact of Liquid on Stability
• Geometry of Cell
• Integration With Final Closure
• Integration with LFG Collection
Incineration Plants
• Most expensive solid waste management options
• Requires highly skilled personnel and careful
maintenance.
 • Good choice only when other, simpler, and less
expensive choices are not available.
• Can be used to reduce the original volume of
combustibles by 80 to 95 percent.
• Not allowed in the Philippines due to RA 8749
(Clean Air Act)

Philippines Laws
• Republic Act No 9003 -Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000
• Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code)
• Mandates local government units to exercise powers,
functions and responsibilities in providing basic
services and facilities related to general hygiene,
sanitation, beautification and solid waste collection,
transport and disposal.
 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1 11. Which of the following is NOT true about the science

FA1 (13/15) and technology in the Philippines during the

precolonial era?
1. What important invention did the Ancient Chinese
invent before Johannes Gutenberg did in Europe? Ans: The Philippines already had sophisticated
technological development as observed by early
Ans: Printing Press
traders and travelers.
2. The 15th century saw one of the greatest inventions in
12. Which of the following is true about the science and
the history of humankind. In 1450 Johannes
technology in the Philippines during the American
Gutenberg, a citizen of the German town of Mainz,
regime?
was able to digitalized books.
Ans: The government supported the extensive
Ans: False
public education system and granting of
3. Which scientific period of the Scientific Revolution is
scholarship for higher education in science and
recognized for not only his planetary contribution but
engineering
also discoveries in the study of physics?
13. There was a decline in the development of science and
Ans: Galileo Galilei
technology during the post war between the America
4. What are considered the four great inventions of the
and Japan in the Philippines. This was due to the
Ancient Chinese civilization?
following except
Ans: Gunpowder, paper, printing, and the compass
Ans: The number of private universities and
5. The one that invented dynamite.
colleges remained the same*
Ans: Alfred Nobel
14. Due to the growth of scientific research, the following
6. At a time when people had to make their own clothes offices were organized by the American authorities
at home or pay someone else to sew them by hand, except
Elias Howe invents the _____.
Ans: Manila Observatory
Ans: sewing machine
15. Development of Science and technology during the
7. The very first style of writing introduced by Sumerians Japanese regime halted as a consequence of the war.
is:
Ans: True
Ans: cuneiform
8. Prior to the scientific revelations of the Enlightenment
FA1 [14/15]
period, most European astronomers derived their ideas
1. Which scientific period of the Scientific Revolution is
from what Classical figure?
recognized for not only his planetary contributions but
Ans: Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria
also discoveries in the study of physics?
9. Throughout the Spanish regime, University of the
Answer: Galileo Galilei
Philippines remained the highest institution of
2. The Industrial Revolution led to inventions that
learning.
included the following except
Ans: False
Answer: paper money
10. He is the Father of Pharmacy in the Philippines. He
3. ____________ invents the telegraph, which allows
worked extensively on the medicinal plants of the
messages to be sent quickly over a wire.
Philippines and their uses.
Answer: Samuel Morse
Ans: Leon Ma. Guerrero
4. The one that invented dynamite.
 Answer: Alfred Nobel
5. At a time when people had to make their own clothes
at home or pay someone else to sew them by hand,
Elias Howe invents the _________.
Answer: sewing machine
6. What are two of the great feats of civil engineering
accomplished by the engineers of Ancient China?
Answer: The Great Wall and the Grand Canal
7. Prior to the scientific revelations of the Enlightenment
period, most European astronomers derived their ideas
from what Classical figure?
Answer: Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria
8. Galeon trading was done during which period in the
history of the Philippines?
Answer: Spanish regime
9. He is the Father of Pharmacy in the Philippines. He
worked extensively on the medicinal plants of the
Philippines and their uses.
Answer: Leon Ma. Guerrero
10. Which of the following is true about the science and
technology in the Philippines during the American
regime?
Answer: The government supported the extensive
public education system and granting
scholarship for higher education in science and
engineering
11. Which of the following is NOT true about the science
and technology in the Philippines during the
precolonial era?
Answer: The Philippines already had sophisticated
technological development as observed by early
traders and travelers.
12. Due to the growth of scientific research, the following
offices were organized by the American authorities
except
Answer: Manila Observatory
13. There was a decline in the development of science and
technology during the post war between the America
and Japan in the Philippines. This was due to the
following except
Answer: The number of private universities and
colleges remained the same
14. Which of the following is NOT true about science and
technology in the Philippines during the Spanish era?
Answer: The government encouraged your men
and women to get higher professional education
FA1 [12/15]
1. The one that invented dynamite.
Answer: Alfred Nobel
2. What are considered the four great inventions of the
Ancient Chinese civilization?
Answer: Gunpowder, paper, printing, and the
compass
3. Safety break was invented to prevent parachutes from
falling if a cable breaks.
Answer: False
4. The technology that ushered in the end of early
civilizations around 1000 BCE was
Answer: The development of iron tools and
weapons
5. Thomas Newcomen invents the first steam engine.
Answer: True
of
6. The very first style of writing introduced by Sumerians
is:
Answer: cuneiform
7. What was the main use of the compass when it was
first invented?
Answer: For city planning
8. At a time when people had to make their own clothes
at home or pay someone else to sew them by hand,
Elias Howe invents the _______.
Answer: sewing machine
9. He is the Father of Pharmacy in the Philippines. He
worked extensively on the medical plants of the
Philippines and their uses.
Answer: Leon Ma. Guerrero
10. Development of Science and technology during the
Japanese regime halted as a consequence of the war.
 Answer: True
11. Due to the growth of scientific research, the following
offices were organized by the American authorities
except
Answer: Manila Observatory
12. Which of the following is NOT true about science and
technology in the Philippines during the Spanish era?
Answer: The government encouraged your men
and women to get higher professional education
13. The following were the impact of the Galleon trading
and the prosperity from world trade and commerce
except
Answer: The expansion of agriculture production
for export exacerbated existing socio-economic
inequality
14. Which of the following is NOT true about the science
and technology in the Philippines during the
precolonial era?
Answer: The Philippines already had sophisticated
technological development as observed by early
traders and travelers.
15. There was a decline in the development of science and
technology during the post war between the America
and Japan in the Philippines. This was due to the
following except
Answer: The number of private universities and
colleges remained the same
FA1 [11/15]
1. The one that invented dynamite.
Answer: Alfred Nobel
2. What important invention did the Ancient Chinese
invent before Johannes Gutenberg did in Europe?
Answer: Printing Press
3. Which scientific period of the Scientific Revolution is
recognized for not only planetary contributions but
also discoveries in the study of physics?
Answer: Galileo Galilei
4. Johannes Gutenberg made printing press widely
popular but it was first introduced in what country in
11th century?
Answer: China
5. The 15th century saw one of the greatest inventions in
the history of humankind. In 1450 Johannes
Gutenberg, a citizen of the German town of Mainz,
was able to digitalized books.
Answer: False
6. Most early agricultural societies
Answer: All of the above (Emphasized the
importance of men’s work growing food over
women’s roles in the household, Focused on food
production with limited surplus, and Experience an
increased birth rate and viewed children as useful
addition to the labor force)
7. What are two of the great feats of civil engineering
accomplished by the engineers of Ancient China?
Answer: The Great Wall and Grand Canal
8. What are considered the four great inventions of the
Ancient Chinese civilization?
Answer: Gunpowder, paper, printing, and the
compass
9. Which of the following is NOT true about science and
technology in the Philippines during the Spanish era?
Answer: The government encouraged your men
and women to get higher professional education
10. Due to the growth of scientific research, the following
offices were organized by the American authorities
except
Answer: Manila Observatory
11. There was a decline in the development of science and
technology during the post war between the America
and Japan in the Philippines. This was due to the
following except
Ans: The number of private universities and
colleges remained the same
12. Which of the following is NOT true about the science
and technology in the Philippines during the
precolonial era?
 Answer: The Philippines already had sophisticated
technological development as observed by early
traders and travelers.
13. He is the Father of Pharmacy in the Philippines. He
worked extensively on the medical plants of the
Philippines and their uses.
Answer: Leon Ma. Guerrero
14. The following were the impact of the Galleon trading
and the prosperity from world trade and commerce
except
Answer: The expansion of agriculture production
for export exacerbated existing socio-economic
inequality (Manila prospered rapidly as well as the
provinces due to agriculture)
15. Galeon trading was done during which period in the
history of the Philippines?
Answer: Spanish regime
FA1 [13/15]
1. What are two of the great feats of civil engineering
accomplished by the engineers of Ancient China?
Answer: The Great Wall and the Grand Canal
2. What was the main use of the compass when it was
first invented?
Answer: To help when lost in the woods
3. Paleolithic peoples likely migrated from Africa to
Central Asia and Europe because of
Answer: Environmental Changes
4. The Industrial Revolution led to inventions that
included the following except
Answer: Paper Money
5. Johannes Gutenberg made printing press widely
popular but it was first introduced in what country in
11th century?
Answer: China
6. ____________ invents the telegraph, which allows
messages to be sent quickly over a wire.
Answer: Samuel Morse
7. William Harvey, a renowned English physician of the
Enlightenment period is credited with what scientific
discovery?
Answer: the discovery of human circulatory
system
8. Safety break was invented to prevent parachutes from
falling if a cable breaks
Answer: False
9. There was a decline in the development of science
and technology during the post war between the
America and Japan in the Philippines. This was due
to the following except
Answer: The number of private universities and
colleges remained the same.
10. Which of the following is NOT true about the science
and technology in the Philippines during the
precolonial era?
Answer: The Philippines already had
sophisticated technological development as
observed by early traders and travelers.
11. Which of the following is NOT true about science
and technology in the Philippines during the Spanish
era?
Answer: The government encouraged your men
and women to get higher professional education
12. He is the Father of Pharmacy in the Philippines. He
worked extensively on the medicinal plants of the
Philippines and their uses.
Answer: Leon Ma. Guerrero
13. Due to the growth of scientific research, the
following offices were organized by the American
authorities except
Answer: Manila Observatory
14. Which of the following is true about the science and
technology in the Philippines during the American
regime?
Answer: The government supported the extensive
public education system and granting of
scholarship for higher education in science and
engineering
 15. Throughout the Spanish regime, University of the 10. Development of Science and technology during the
Philippines remained the highest institution of Japanese regime halted as a consequence of the war.
learning. Answer: True
Answer: False 11. Which of the following is NOT true about science and
technology in the Philippines during the Spanish era?
FA1 [14/15] Answer: The government encouraged your men
1. The very first style of writing introduced by Sumerians and women to get higher professional education
is: 12. Which of the following is NOT true about the science
Ans: cuneiform and technology in the Philippines during the

2. What are considered the four great inventions of the precolonial era?

Ancient Chinese civilization? Answer: The Philippines already had sophisticated

Answer: Gunpowder, paper, printing, and the technological development as observed by early

compass traders and travelers.

3. Thomas Newcomen invents the first steam engine. 13. The following were the impact of the Galleon trading
and the prosperity from world trade and commerce
Answer: True
except
4. William Harvey, a renowned English physician of the
Answer: The expansion of agriculture production
Enlightenment period is credited with what scientific
for export exacerbated existing socio-economic
discovery?
inequality
Answer: the discovery of human circulatory
14. He is the Father of Pharmacy in the Philippines. He
system
worked extensively on the medicinal plants of the
5. What was the main use of the compass when it was
Philippines and their uses.
first invented?
Answer: Leon Ma. Guerrero
Answer: To help when lost in the woods
15. Galeon trading was done during which period in the
6. ____________ invents the telegraph, which allows
history of the Philippines?
messages to be sent quickly over a wire.
Answer: Spanish regime
Answer: Samuel Morse
7. The technology that ushered in the end of early
civilizations around 1000 BCE was
Answer: The development of iron tools and
weapons
8. Johannes Gutenberg made printing press widely
popular but it was first introduced in what country in
11th century?
Answer: China
9. Due to the growth of scientific research, the following
offices were organized by the American authorities
except
Ans: Manila Observatory
 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2 14. A form of alternative medicine during the Chinese
1. He declared that species survived through a process Civilization.
called “natural selection”. Ans: Acupuncture
Ans: Charles Darwin 15. He was the founder of mathematical Analysis.
2. A model where the sun is the center of the universe. Ans: Madhava of Sangamagrama
Ans: heliocentric 16. Astronomer who proposed that planets revolve around
3. He devised a method of mental therapy called the sun.
psychoanalysis. Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus
Ans: Sigmund Freud 17. The stage in Freud’s Psychosexual Stages where there
4. _____ came up with the heliocentric theory, and _____ is a bowel and bladder control from 1 to 3 years old.
proved it to be true with the use of his telescope. Answer: Anal Stage
Ans: Copernicus; Galilei 18. Considered a 365-day calendar cycle and 260-day
5. _____ the old world view where the earth was in the ritual cycle.
center of the universe and where the sun is the center Answer: Aztec Calender
of the universe. 19. What is inserted in the body during acupuncture?
Ans: Ptolemaic; heliocentric Answer: Needles
6. A phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary 20. Aryabhata was an Indian astronomer who introduced
theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural trigonometric functions and Algorithms of Algebra.
selection. Answer: True
Ans: Survival of the fittest
7. Evolution by means of natural selection.
Ans: Darwinian revolution
8. The time period from the 1500s-1700s that challenged
the old views of the world through science.
Ans: Scientific Revolution
9. Mayan, Inca, Aztecs are 3 major civilizations of
_____.
Ans: Meso-American Civilization
10. Quipa is used by the Incas in collecting data and record
keeping.
Ans: True
11. The most popular ball game where player struck the
ball with their hips and not allowed to use their hands.
Ans: Pok-Ta-Pok
12. Dominantly occupied by Muslims.
Ans: Middle East Civilization
13. Biggest continent in the world.
Ans: Asian Civilization
 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 3
1. Heidegger goes on to describe how this fundamental
relationship between humanity and the world gives
rise to a particular human orientation to the world, an
orientation or attitude he calls
Ans: enframing
2. Heidegger's pursuit of the fundamental meaning of
"instrumentality" leads him to an old problem in
philosophy: the question of enframing.
Ans: False
3. The essence of technology is not something we make;
it is a mode of being, or of revealing.
Ans: True
4. Based on Martin Heidegger’s theory, “how do we
generally think about technology?”
Ans: technology is a means to an end
5. According to Heidegger, technology is not simply the
practical application of natural science.
Ans: True
6. This hierarchy of function states that only humans are
capable of practical and theoretical functions.
Ans: Rational Degree
7. It is something worthwhile not because it leads to
something else but for its own sake alone.
Ans: Intrinsic Good
8. It states that all living things require nourishment and
the ability to reproduce.
Ans: Nutritive Degree
9. This is achieved through education, time, and
experience.
Ans: Intellectual virtue
10. Friendship is an example of intrinsic good.
Ans: True
11. All the following statements are correct about
Engineering Ethics except.
Ans: Engineering Ethics is not constituted of an
eclectic contribution of all schools of ethics (Among:
Engineering Ethics is an area of practical or applied
ethics, Professional Engineering Societies are a major
source of codes for engineering ethics, The aim of
Engineering Ethics is to illuminate the ethical
dimensions of engineering practice)
12. The Law of Robotics are the following except
Ans: A robot may harm humanity, or, by inaction,
allow humanity to come to harm (Among: A robot
may not injure a human being or, through inaction,
allow a human being to come to harm, A robot must
obey orders given it by human beings except where
such orders would conflict with the First Law, A robot
must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second
Law)
13. It describes a situation where one is confronted with
two choices, neither of which is desirable.
Ans: Ethical dilemma (diko alam sagot) ** (OR
DILEMMA ONLY)
14. The following helps an individual to be able to make
moral decisions except
Ans: By being deterred and frightened of the
penalties incurred on him for his action (Among:
By understanding the consequences of his actions, By
understanding his motives, By understanding the
means adopted to execute action)
15. It is the formal study of moral standards and conduct.
For this reason, the study of ethics is also often called
“moral philosophy.”
Ans: Ethics
16. Heidegger is primarily a prophet. He does not wish to
travel alone and then report what he has seen, nor does
he wish to go as a guide merely pointing out objects
along the road.
Answer: False
17. According to Aristotle, _________ is only possible by
living a life of virtue.
Answer: Eudaimonia
18. It leads to something else that is good or a means to
some end.
Answer: Instrumental good
19. Wealth. It might be a human need but it cannot be the
ultimate good.
Answer: True
20. He is an American inventor who developed
UNIMATE, the first material handling robot
employed in industrial production work.
Answer: George Devol
21. According to his philosophy, “Technology is “not an
instrument”, it is a way of understanding the world”
philosophy.
Answer: Martin Heidegger
22. Happiness. It might be a human need but it cannot be
the ultimate good.
Answer: False
23. Ethical dilemmas arise when it is thought that serious
good and bad are bound together in the same activity.
Answer: True
24. According to this philosopher, every action aims at
some good. However, some actions aim at an
instrumental good, while some aim at an intrinsic
good. It clear that the ultimate good is the best.
Answer: Aristotle
 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 4 Ans: All of the above (Reconnecting with people,
1. From the following, what become the disadvantage of Trade of Information, Stating opinions with
advancement of Information Technology? discretion)

Ans: Big Data makes us Lazy 14. In terms of Business impact, which of the following

2. With the ease of information today, on medical fields, activity enhanced the effectiveness of Business

which of the following brings most problematic through Social Media?

action? Ans: All of the above (Marketing, Data Gathering,

Ans: Self Diagnosis Promotion)

3. Information age is primarily based on what 15. People didn’t see the need of Social Media before until

technology? the advent of what technology?

Ans: Information Technology Ans: Smart Phones

4. The beginning of Information age was upon the 16. In the advent of Internet, it permitted near-instant

invention of what device? exchange of information and was widely adopted in

workplace and personal communication?
Ans: Printing Press
Answer: emails
5. The inventor of printing press is?
17. With various effects on psychological behavior
Ans: Johannes Gutenberg
Social Media brought, Identify which of the
6. This serves as a disruptive age for traditional media
following this behavior pertains to?
such as books, publishing, the music industry and
Answer: all of the above (existential crisis,
more?
obsession to validation, double identity)
Ans: Digitization
18. What are interactive computer-mediated technologies
7. All are other names of Information Age except?
that facilitate the creation or sharing of information,
Ans: Analog Age
ideas, career interests and other forms of expression
8. Who is the Father of Information Theory?
via virtual communities and networks?
Ans: Claude E. Shannon
Answer: Social Media
9. In a democratic sense, Social media pave way to what
19. Internet was developed on what year?
action?
Answer: 1970s
Ans: Freedom of Speech
20. This becomes predominantly common on Social
10. Social Media has a wide-range of platforms. Which of
media as an act of harassment?
the following is mostly used for professional and
Answer: Cyber Bullying
career growth media?
Ans: LinkedIn
11. All are social media except?
Ans: Netflix
12. With the advent of Social Media, it become what part
of a business strategy?
Ans: must have
13. With the use of Social Media, which pave way to an
easier way of doing things?