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Abhijeet Paul
Types of particles
Two types of particles exist
FERMIONS BOSONS
• Each particle occupy only one state. • Any number of particles can
• They obey Pauli’s Exclusion* principle. occupy a state.
• Their distribution is governed by Fermi- • Do not obey Pauli’s Exclusion*
Dirac Statistics (explained later). principle.
• They have half-integer spin. S =n/2, • Their distribution is governed by
where n is integer. Bose-Einstein Relation.
• E.g.: Electrons, neutrons • They have integer spin. S = n,
where n is integer.
• E.g.: Photons, Phonons.
Energy States
*Pauli’s Exclusion : No two fermions can occupy the same quantum state at the same time .
Abhijeet Paul
Primer on Semiconductors & Doping
n-type ( Phosphorus or intrinsic (No doping) p-type (Boron or
Grp 5 doped) Grp 3 doped)
Ec Ec
Energy
Eg Ef Ei Ef Ei
Ei
Ev Ev
(for electrons)
Efs = Fermi
level =0 here
KB = Boltzmann
constant
• Developers :
» Abhijeet Paul / Purdue University.
» Gerhard Klimeck / Purdue University.
Abhijeet Paul
Inputs :
Material and distribution model selection
FFD = gi /(1+exp[(Ef – Ei)/KT] )
[4]
[3]
Default outputs
Abhijeet Paul Images from Carrier Statistics Lab on nanoHUB.org
Temperature Sweep
Constant Doping Constant Fermi level
• Na = 1e14cm-3, Nd = 100 cm-3. • Ev – Efs = 0.1 eV, Ev = 0eV
• Maintaining constant doping; Efs is • Maintaining constant Efs; doping is
varying with temperature. varying with temperature.
As T inc. distribution
As T inc. distribution shifts higher around same
shifts higher since Efs is Energy point since Efs is
inc. with T( discussed later) constant.
T inc
Efs = 0.1eV
Extrinsic d i g h
an t h
Energy(eV)
es a n)
s
e as ate gio Increasing Ionization of
ncr tur c re Na with temperature
i i
fs sa ins
Freeze-out E en tr Low temperature
th (in
T less -Ionized
Temperature (K)
Temperature (K)
p Intrinsic
n
ni = 1e10cm-3
@ T = 300K
Extrinsic
Freeze-out Temperature
Temperature
Always keep checking the tool web-page for latest features, releases
and bug-fixes at : http://nanohub.org/resources/fermi
Abhijeet Paul
Few words regarding the tool
• Use this tool to learn about electron-hole distribution in
semiconductors.
• Feel free to post about (on tool webpage)
» the bugs
» new features you want.
• Contact the developers in case you want to collaborate for
some work using this tool.
Suggested Exercises :
[1] Perform a study on variation of electron and hole
concentration with temperature at :
(a)fixed Fermi level.
(b)using Maxwell Boltzmann distribution.
[2] find out the doping limit at T=300K where MB and FD
give same result for electron and hole concentration.
Abhijeet Paul
Appendix
• Ge • GaAs
melectron
(m0 ) 0.55 m0electron (m0 ) 0.066
0
mhole
0 (m0 ) .36 m0hole (m0 ) 0.52
4.8 10 4 T 2 5.405 10 4 T 2
E g (eV ) 0.742 E g (eV ) 1.519
T 235 T 204
Ref*: Semiconductor Device Fundamentals, Robert
Abhijeet Paul Pierret, Addison-Wesley.
Appendix
• Other formulas/quantities:
Electron and hole density calculation
3/ 2
2. .m .kT
electron
Nc 2. 0
2. .
2
n Nc.e ( EF Ec ) / kT
p Nv.e ( EV EF ) / kT
3/ 2
2. .m .kT
hole
Nv 2. 0
2. .
2
Ea 50meV
Ed 50meV
Abhijeet Paul
Appendix
Abhijeet Paul
References [1]
• URLs on distribution functions :
» http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi-Dirac_statistics
» http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell-Boltzmann_statistics
» http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose-Einstein_statistics
» http://jas.eng.buffalo.edu/ (very good applets on semiconductors.)
• Books & Notes:
» Physics of Semiconductor Devices, S. M. Sze. New York: Wiley,
1969, ISBN 0-471-84290-7; 2nd ed., 1981, ISBN 0-471-05661-
8; 3rd ed., with Kwok K. Ng, 2006, ISBN 0-471-14323-5.
» Semiconductor Device Fundamentals, Robert Pierret, Addison-
Wesley. ISBN-10: 0201543931 ISBN-13: 9780201543933
» Raseong Kim; Mark Lundstrom (2008), "Notes on Fermi-Dirac
Integrals (3rd Edition)", http://nanohub.org/resources/5475
Abhijeet Paul
References [2]
• Homework assignment using the tool.
» Abhijeet Paul; Saumitra Raj Mehrotra; Gerhard Klimeck (2008),
"Homework Exercise on Fermi-Dirac and Maxwell-Boltzmann
Distributions”,http://nanohub.org/resources/3878
• Link for the tool :
» http://nanohub.org/tools/fermi
Abhijeet Paul