Advanced Cardiac

Life Support

Valentina, MD, FIHA

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

 Excellent basic life support & its importance

 Excellent CPR & early defibrillation for treatable

arrhythmias remain the cornerstones of basic &
ACLS.
Cardiac Arrest, 4 rhythms
 In the past, clinicians frequently interrupted CPR to check
for pulses, perform tracheal intubation, or obtain venous
access.

 The ACLS Guidelines strongly recommend that every effort

be made NOT to interrupt CPR; other less vital
interventions (eg, tracheal intubation or administration of
medications to treat arrhythmias) are made either while
CPR is performed or during the briefest possible
interruption.

 Interventions that cannot be performed while CPR is in

progress (eg, defibrillation) should be performed during
brief interruptions at two minute intervals (after the
completion of a full cycle of CPR).
 Studies in both the in-hospital & prehospital
settings demonstrate that chest compressions are
often performed incorrectly, inconsistently, &
with excessive interruption.

 Chest compressions must be of sufficient depth

(at least 5 cm, or 2 inches) & rate (at least 100
per min), & allow for complete recoil of the chest
between compressions, to be effective.

 A single biphasic defibrillation remains the

recommended treatment for ventricular
fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular
tachycardia (VT).
 CPR should be performed until the defibrillator is
ready for immediate discharge & resumed
immediately after the shock is given, without
pausing to recheck a pulse at that moment.

 Interruptions in CPR (eg, for subsequent attempts at

defibrillation or pulse checks) should occur no more
frequently than every two minutes, & for the
shortest possible duration.

 Patients are often over-ventilated during

resuscitations, which can compromise venous return
resulting in reduced cardiac output & inadequate
cerebral & cardiac perfusion.
 A 30 to 2 compression to ventilation ratio (one
cycle) is recommended in patients without
advanced airways.

 According to the ACLS Guidelines, asynchronous

ventilations at 8 to 10 per minute are administered
if an endotracheal tube or extraglottic airway is in
place, while continuous chest compressions are
performed simultaneously.

 We believe that 6 to 8 ventilations per minute are

sufficient in the low-flow state of cardiac
resuscitation & help to prevent over-ventilation.
 Key principles in the performance of ACLS
Excellent CPR is crucial.
•Excellent chest compressions must be performed throughout the resuscitation without
interruption, using proper timing (100 compressions per minute) and force (≥5 cm depth),
and allowing for complete chest recoil.
•Do not stop compressions until the defibrillator is fully charged.
•Anything short of excellent CPR does not achieve adequate cerebral and coronary
perfusion.
•Excellent chest compressions take priority over ventilation. If a second rescuer is present,
ventilations must be performed using proper timing (6 to 8 breaths per minute in the
intubated patient; ratio of 30 compressions to 2 ventilations if not intubated) and force
(each breath delivered over a full 1 to 2 seconds); avoid hyperventilation.

Defibrillate VF and pulseless VT as rapidly as possible.

Rapidly identify and treat causes of non-shockable arrest (PEA, asystole).
•Important causes include the 5 H's and 5 T's:
•Hypoxia, Hypovolemia, Hydrogen ions (acidosis), Hyper/Hypo-kalemia, Hypothermia;
•Tension pneumothorax, Tamponade-cardiac, Toxins, Thrombosis-coronary (MI), Thrombosis-
pulmonary (PE).
•If reversible causes are not corrected rapidly, the patient has little chance of survival.
Initial management & ECG interpretation

 In the ACLS Guidelines, circulation has taken a

more prominent role in the initial management of
cardiac arrest. The new ‘mantra’ is: circulation,
airway, breathing (C-A-B).

 Once unresponsiveness is recognized,

resuscitation begins by addressing circulation
(chest compressions), followed by airway
opening, & then rescue breathing.
 Stable patients require an assessment of their
electrocardiogram in order to provide appropriate treatment
consistent with ACLS guidelines. Although it is best to make a
definitive interpretation of the ECG prior to making
management decisions, the settings in which ACLS guidelines
are commonly employed require a modified, empirical
approach. Such an approach is guided by the following
questions:
Is the rhythm fast or slow?
Are the QRS complexes wide or narrow?
Is the rhythm regular or irregular?

 The answers to these questions often enable the clinician to

make a provisional diagnosis & initiate appropriate therapy.
Airway Management During ACLS

 Ventilation is performed during CPR to maintain adequate

oxygenation & eliminate carbon dioxide.

 Nevertheless, during the first few minutes following sudden

cardiac arrest (SCA), oxygen delivery to the brain is limited
primarily by reduced blood flow.

 Therefore, in adults, the performance of excellent chest

compressions takes priority over ventilation during the initial
period of basic life support. In settings with multiple rescuers
or clinicians, ventilations & chest compressions are
performed simultaneously.
Management Of Specific
Arrhythmias
Ventricular fibrillation & pulseless ventricular tachycardia

 VF & pulseless VT are nonperfusing rhythms

emanating from the ventricles, for which early
rhythm identification, defibrillation, & CPR are the
mainstays of treatment.

 Early defibrillation is the most critical action in

the resuscitation effort, followed by the
performance of excellent CPR. Manage
potentially treatable underlying causes as
appropriate.
Ventricular fibrillation
 The ACLS Guidelines recommend the resumption of CPR
immediately after defibrillation without rechecking for a
pulse. CPR should not be interrupted to assess the rhythm
& additional shocks should be considered no more
frequently than every two minutes.

 If VF or pulseless VT persists after at least one attempt at

defibrillation & two minutes of CPR, give epinephrine (1
mg IV every 3 to 5 min) while CPR is performed
continuously.
 Evidence suggests that antiarrhythmic drugs provide little
survival benefit in refractory VF or pulseless VT. Nevertheless,
the current ACLS Guidelines state that they may be used in
certain situations.
 We suggest that antiarrhythmic drugs be considered after a
second unsuccessful defibrillation attempt in anticipation of a
third shock.
Amiodarone (300 mg IV with a repeat dose of 150 mg IV as
indicated) may be administered in VF or pulseless VT
unresponsive to defibrillation, CPR, & epinephrine.
Lidocaine (1 to 1.5 mg/kg IV, then 0.5 to 0.75 mg/kg every 5
to 10 min) may be used if amiodarone is unavailable.
Magnesium sulfate (2 g IV, followed by a maintenance
infusion) may be used to treat polymorphic ventricular
tachycardia consistent with torsade de pointes.
Asystole & pulseless electrical activity

 Asystole is defined as a complete absence of

demonstrable electrical & mechanical cardiac activity.

 Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) is defined as any one of a

heterogeneous group of organized electrocardiographic
rhythms without sufficient mechanical contraction of the
heart to produce a palpable pulse or measurable blood
pressure.

 By definition, asystole & PEA are non-perfusing rhythms

requiring the initiation of excellent CPR immediately
when either is present.
Bradycardia
 Bradycardia is defined conservatively as a heart rate
below 60 beats per minute, but symptomatic bradycardia
generally entails rates below 50 beats per minute.
 Signs & symptoms of inadequate perfusion include
hypotension, altered mental status, signs of shock,
ongoing ischemic chest pain, & evidence of acute
pulmonary edema. Hypoxemia is a common cause of
bradycardia; look for signs of labored breathing (eg,
increased respiratory rate, retractions, paradoxical
abdominal breathing) & low oxygen saturation. Mild
symptoms may not warrant treatment.
Tachycardia
 Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate above 100 beats per
minute, but symptomatic tachycardia generally involves
rates over 150 beats per minute, unless underlying
ventricular dysfunction exists.
 The fundamental approach is as follows: First determine if
the patient is unstable (eg, manifests ongoing ischemic
chest pain, acute mental status changes, hypotension,
signs of shock, or evidence of acute pulmonary edema).
Hypoxemia is a common cause of tachycardia; look for
signs of labored breathing (eg, increased respiratory rate,
retractions, paradoxical abdominal breathing) & low
oxygen saturation.
POST-RESUSCITATION CARE
  Important objectives for such care include:
Optimizing cardiopulmonary function &
perfusion of vital organs
Managing acute coronary syndromes
Implementing strategies to prevent &
manage organ system dysfunction &
injury
H’s and T’s
Treatable causes of cardiac arrest
 Hypoxia  Thrombosis
 Hypovolemia (pulmonary)
 Hydrogen ion  Thrombosis (coronary)
(acidosis)  Tamponade
 Hypokalemia  Tension
 Hyperkalemia pneumothorax
 Hypothermia  Toxins
 TERMINATION OF RESUSCITATIVE EFFORTS

 Determining when to stop resuscitation efforts in cardiac

arrest patients is difficult
 Factors influencing the decision to stop resuscitative efforts
include:
Duration of resuscitative effort >30 min without a sustained
perfusing rhythm
Initial electrocardiographic rhythm of asystole
Prolonged interval between estimated time of arrest &
initiation of resuscitation
Patient age & severity of comorbid disease
Absent brainstem reflexes
Normothermia
 2015 ACLS Highlights
 CPR adjuncts
Impedance threshold device (ITD)
Active compression-decompression (ACD)
Mechanical CPR
 CPR pharmacology
Vasopressors
 Physiologic monitoring during CPR
 Focused ultrasound during CPR
 Extracorporeal CPR (ECPR)
 Post-cardiac arrest coronary angiography and PCI
 Post-cardiac arrest targeted temperature management
 Post-cardiac arrest neuroprognostication
 Mechanical CPR

Load Distributing Band Mechanical Piston

 2015 AHA ECC
Treatment Recommendation
http://ECCGuidelines.heart.org

 Standard dose epinephrine (one mg every 3 to 5 minutes)

may be reasonable for patients in cardiac arrest (Class IIb, LOE
B-R).
 High dose epinephrine is not recommended for routine use in
cardiac arrest (Class III: No Benefit, LOE B-R).
 It may be reasonable to administer epinephrine as soon as
feasible after the onset of cardiac arrest due to an initial
nonshockable rhythm (Class IIb, LOE C-LD).
 2015 AHA ECC
Treatment Recommendation
http://ECCGuidelines.heart.org

• Vasopressin offers no advantage as a substitute for

epinephrine in cardiac arrest (Class IIb, LOE B-R).
• The removal of vasopressin has been noted in the Adult
Cardiac Arrest Algorithm―2015 Update.
• Vasopressin in combination with epinephrine offers no
advantage as a substitute for SDE in cardiac arrest
(Class IIb, LOE B-R).
 2015 AHA ECC
Treatment Recommendation
http://ECCGuidelines.heart.org

Coronary angiography should be performed

emergently (rather than later in the hospital stay or
not at all) for OHCA patients with suspected cardiac
etiology of arrest and ST elevation on ECG (Class I,
LOE B-NR).
Consistent with all other STEMI care
Neurological outcomes are unknowable at time of decision
Many observational studies showing high rates of good
outcome after PCI, and association of successful PCI with
better outcomes
 2015 AHA ECC Treatment
Recommendation
http://ECCGuidelines.heart.org

Emergency coronary angiography is reasonable for select

(eg, electrically or hemodynamically unstable) adult
patients who are comatose after OHCA of suspected
cardiac origin but without ST elevation on ECG (Class
IIa, LOE B-NR).
Coronary angiography is reasonable in post–cardiac arrest
patients for whom coronary angiography is indicated
regardless of whether the patient is comatose or awake
(Class IIa, LOE C-LD).
thankyou