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Lecture 5
Convolution Sum
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Analysis of Discrete Time Linear Time
Invariant Systems
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Impulse Response
• The impulse response is the output of a LTI system due to
an impulse input applied at time t = 0 or n = 0.
• The impulse response completely characterizes the behavior
of any LTI system.
• If the input to a linear system is expressed as a weighted
superposition of time-shifted impulses, then the output is
the weighted superposition of the response to each time
shifted impulse.
• If the system is also time invariant, then the system response
to a time shifted impulse is a time shifted version of the
system response to an impulse.
• Thus the output of a LTI system is a weighted superposition
of time shifted impulse responses. This weighted
superposition is termed as the Convolution Sum for discrete
time systems and Convolution integral for continuous time
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systems.
The Convolution Sum
Consider the product of a signal x[n] and the impulse
sequence [n], written as
x[n][n] = x[0][n]
Generalize this relationship to the product of x[n] and
a time shifted impulse sequence to obtain
x[n][n-k] = x[k][n-k]
This property allows us to express x[n] as the
following weighted sum of time shifted impulses:
x[n] = ….. + x[-2][n+2] +x[-1]n+1]+x[0][n]+
x[1][n-1]+x[2][n-2]+….
x[n ] x[k ] n k (1)
k
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The Convolution Sum (cont.)
Let the operator H denote the system to which the
input x[n] is applied. Thus using (1) to represent
the input x[n] to the system results in the output
y[n] H x[k ][n k ]
k
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where h[n-k] = H{[n-k]}.
The sum in (3) is termed the Convolution Sum and
is denoted by the symbol *, that is,
(4)
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Steps to compute Convolution Sum
1- Folding: fold h[k] about k=0, to obtain h[-k].
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-1 1 2 1
-1 1 2 1
h[-k] -1 1 2 1
x[n] 0 1 2 3 1
-1 1 2 1
-1 1 2 1
-1 1 2 1
-1 1 2 -1
1
x[k ]h n k a u[ n k ]
nk
x[n] * h[n]
k k 0
a n
(a)
k 0
k
a n (1 / a ) k
k 0
n n 1
a [1 1 / a 1 / a ]
n 2 a a
1 1/ a a 1
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Example 4:
Determine the impulse response for the cascade of
two linear time-invariant systems having
impulse responses h1[n]=(1/2)nu[n] and h2[n] =
(1/4)nu[n].
Solution: k n k
1 n
1
h1 n * h 2 n h1 [k ]h 2 [n k ]
k 0 k 0 2 4
n n n
1 k 1
2 1 2 2 2 ......
4 k 0 4
1
n
2 n 1 1 1 n 1
n
2
4 2 1 2 2
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Example H.W
Find the convolution of the two sequences x[n] and
h[n] given by,
1- x[n] = [3 1 2] h[n] = [3 2 1]
2- x[n] = [1 2 4] h[n] = [1 1 1 1 1]
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